[tinc] / src / net_packet.c

/*
    net_packet.c -- Handles in- and outgoing VPN packets
    Copyright (C) 1998-2005 Ivo Timmermans,
                  2000-2022 Guus Sliepen <guus@tinc-vpn.org>
                  2010      Timothy Redaelli <timothy@redaelli.eu>
                  2010      Brandon Black <blblack@gmail.com>

    This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
    the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
    (at your option) any later version.

    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
    GNU General Public License for more details.

    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
    with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
    51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
*/

#include "system.h"

#ifdef HAVE_ZLIB
#define ZLIB_CONST
#include <zlib.h>

#endif

#ifdef HAVE_LZO
#include LZO1X_H
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_LZ4
#include <lz4.h>
#endif

#include "address_cache.h"
#include "cipher.h"
#include "conf.h"
#include "connection.h"
#include "compression.h"
#include "crypto.h"
#include "digest.h"
#include "device.h"
#include "ethernet.h"
#include "ipv4.h"
#include "ipv6.h"
#include "logger.h"
#include "net.h"
#include "netutl.h"
#include "protocol.h"
#include "route.h"
#include "utils.h"

/* The minimum size of a probe is 14 bytes, but since we normally use CBC mode
   encryption, we can add a few extra random bytes without increasing the
   resulting packet size. */
#define MIN_PROBE_SIZE 18

int keylifetime = 0;
#ifdef HAVE_LZO
static char lzo_wrkmem[LZO1X_999_MEM_COMPRESS > LZO1X_1_MEM_COMPRESS ? LZO1X_999_MEM_COMPRESS : LZO1X_1_MEM_COMPRESS];
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_LZ4

#ifdef HAVE_LZ4_BUILTIN
static LZ4_stream_t lz4_stream;
#else
static void *lz4_state = NULL;
#endif // HAVE_LZ4_BUILTIN

#endif // HAVE_LZ4

static void send_udppacket(node_t *, vpn_packet_t *);

unsigned replaywin = 32;
bool localdiscovery = true;
bool udp_discovery = true;
int udp_discovery_keepalive_interval = 10;
int udp_discovery_interval = 2;
int udp_discovery_timeout = 30;

#define MAX_SEQNO 1073741824

static void try_fix_mtu(node_t *n) {
        if(n->mtuprobes < 0) {
                return;
        }

        if(n->mtuprobes == 20 || n->minmtu >= n->maxmtu) {
                if(n->minmtu > n->maxmtu) {
                        n->minmtu = n->maxmtu;
                } else {
                        n->maxmtu = n->minmtu;
                }

                n->mtu = n->minmtu;
                logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_INFO, "Fixing MTU of %s (%s) to %d after %d probes", n->name, n->hostname, n->mtu, n->mtuprobes);
                n->mtuprobes = -1;
        }
}

static void reduce_mtu(node_t *n, int mtu) {
        if(mtu < MINMTU) {
                mtu = MINMTU;
        }

        if(n->maxmtu > mtu) {
                n->maxmtu = mtu;
        }

        if(n->mtu > mtu) {
                n->mtu = mtu;
        }

        try_fix_mtu(n);
}

static void udp_probe_timeout_handler(void *data) {
        node_t *n = data;

        if(!n->status.udp_confirmed) {
                return;
        }

        logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_INFO, "Too much time has elapsed since last UDP ping response from %s (%s), stopping UDP communication", n->name, n->hostname);
        n->status.udp_confirmed = false;
        n->udp_ping_rtt = -1;
        n->maxrecentlen = 0;
        n->mtuprobes = 0;
        n->minmtu = 0;
        n->maxmtu = MTU;
}

static void send_udp_probe_reply(node_t *n, vpn_packet_t *packet, length_t len) {
        if(!n->status.sptps && !n->status.validkey) {
                logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_INFO, "Trying to send UDP probe reply to %s (%s) but we don't have his key yet", n->name, n->hostname);
                return;
        }

        /* Type 2 probe replies were introduced in protocol 17.3 */
        if((n->options >> 24) >= 3) {
                DATA(packet)[0] = 2;
                uint16_t len16 = htons(len);
                memcpy(DATA(packet) + 1, &len16, 2);
                packet->len = MIN_PROBE_SIZE;
                logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_INFO, "Sending type 2 probe reply length %u to %s (%s)", len, n->name, n->hostname);

        } else {
                /* Legacy protocol: n won't understand type 2 probe replies. */
                DATA(packet)[0] = 1;
                logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_INFO, "Sending type 1 probe reply length %u to %s (%s)", len, n->name, n->hostname);
        }

        /* Temporarily set udp_confirmed, so that the reply is sent
           back exactly the way it came in. */

        bool udp_confirmed = n->status.udp_confirmed;
        n->status.udp_confirmed = true;
        send_udppacket(n, packet);
        n->status.udp_confirmed = udp_confirmed;
}

static void udp_probe_h(node_t *n, vpn_packet_t *packet, length_t len) {
        if(!DATA(packet)[0]) {
                logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_INFO, "Got UDP probe request %d from %s (%s)", packet->len, n->name, n->hostname);
                send_udp_probe_reply(n, packet, len);
                return;
        }

        if(DATA(packet)[0] == 2) {
                // It's a type 2 probe reply, use the length field inside the packet
                uint16_t len16;
                memcpy(&len16, DATA(packet) + 1, 2);
                len = ntohs(len16);
        }

        if(n->status.ping_sent) {  // a probe in flight
                gettimeofday(&now, NULL);
                struct timeval rtt;
                timersub(&now, &n->udp_ping_sent, &rtt);
                n->udp_ping_rtt = (int)(rtt.tv_sec * 1000000 + rtt.tv_usec);
                n->status.ping_sent = false;
                logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_INFO, "Got type %d UDP probe reply %d from %s (%s) rtt=%d.%03d", DATA(packet)[0], len, n->name, n->hostname, n->udp_ping_rtt / 1000, n->udp_ping_rtt % 1000);
        } else {
                logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_INFO, "Got type %d UDP probe reply %d from %s (%s)", DATA(packet)[0], len, n->name, n->hostname);
        }

        /* It's a valid reply: now we know bidirectional communication
           is possible using the address and socket that the reply
           packet used. */
        if(!n->status.udp_confirmed) {
                n->status.udp_confirmed = true;

                if(!n->address_cache) {
                        n->address_cache = open_address_cache(n);
                }

                reset_address_cache(n->address_cache, &n->address);
        }

        // Reset the UDP ping timer.

        if(udp_discovery) {
                timeout_del(&n->udp_ping_timeout);
                timeout_add(&n->udp_ping_timeout, &udp_probe_timeout_handler, n, &(struct timeval) {
                        udp_discovery_timeout, 0
                });
        }

        if(len > n->maxmtu) {
                logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_INFO, "Increase in PMTU to %s (%s) detected, restarting PMTU discovery", n->name, n->hostname);
                n->minmtu = len;
                n->maxmtu = MTU;
                /* Set mtuprobes to 1 so that try_mtu() doesn't reset maxmtu */
                n->mtuprobes = 1;
                return;
        } else if(n->mtuprobes < 0 && len == n->maxmtu) {
                /* We got a maxmtu sized packet, confirming the PMTU is still valid. */
                n->mtuprobes = -1;
                n->mtu_ping_sent = now;
        }

        /* If applicable, raise the minimum supported MTU */

        if(n->minmtu < len) {
                n->minmtu = len;
                try_fix_mtu(n);
        }
}

#ifdef HAVE_LZ4
static length_t compress_packet_lz4(uint8_t *dest, const uint8_t *source, length_t len) {
#ifdef HAVE_LZ4_BUILTIN
        return LZ4_compress_fast_extState(&lz4_stream, (const char *) source, (char *) dest, len, MAXSIZE, 0);
#else

        /* @FIXME: Put this in a better place, and free() it too. */
        if(lz4_state == NULL) {
                lz4_state = malloc(LZ4_sizeofState());
        }

        if(lz4_state == NULL) {
                logger(DEBUG_ALWAYS, LOG_ERR, "Failed to allocate lz4_state, error: %i", errno);
                return 0;
        }

        return LZ4_compress_fast_extState(lz4_state, (const char *) source, (char *) dest, len, MAXSIZE, 0);
#endif /* HAVE_LZ4_BUILTIN */
}
#endif /* HAVE_LZ4 */

#ifdef HAVE_LZO
static length_t compress_packet_lzo(uint8_t *dest, const uint8_t *source, length_t len, compression_level_t level) {
        lzo_uint lzolen = MAXSIZE;
        int result;

        if(level == COMPRESS_LZO_HI) {
                result = lzo1x_999_compress(source, len, dest, &lzolen, lzo_wrkmem);
        } else { // level == COMPRESS_LZO_LO
                result = lzo1x_1_compress(source, len, dest, &lzolen, lzo_wrkmem);
        }

        if(result == LZO_E_OK) {
                return lzolen;
        } else {
                return 0;
        }
}
#endif

static length_t compress_packet(uint8_t *dest, const uint8_t *source, length_t len, compression_level_t level) {
        switch(level) {
#ifdef HAVE_LZ4

        case COMPRESS_LZ4:
                return compress_packet_lz4(dest, source, len);
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_LZO

        case COMPRESS_LZO_HI:
        case COMPRESS_LZO_LO:
                return compress_packet_lzo(dest, source, len, level);
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_ZLIB

        case COMPRESS_ZLIB_9:
        case COMPRESS_ZLIB_8:
        case COMPRESS_ZLIB_7:
        case COMPRESS_ZLIB_6:
        case COMPRESS_ZLIB_5:
        case COMPRESS_ZLIB_4:
        case COMPRESS_ZLIB_3:
        case COMPRESS_ZLIB_2:
        case COMPRESS_ZLIB_1: {
                unsigned long dest_len = MAXSIZE;

                if(compress2(dest, &dest_len, source, len, level) == Z_OK) {
                        return dest_len;
                } else {
                        return 0;
                }
        }

#endif

        case COMPRESS_NONE:
                memcpy(dest, source, len);
                return len;

        default:
                return 0;
        }
}

static length_t uncompress_packet(uint8_t *dest, const uint8_t *source, length_t len, compression_level_t level) {
        switch(level) {
#ifdef HAVE_LZ4

        case COMPRESS_LZ4:
                return LZ4_decompress_safe((char *)source, (char *) dest, len, MAXSIZE);

#endif
#ifdef HAVE_LZO

        case COMPRESS_LZO_HI:
        case COMPRESS_LZO_LO: {
                lzo_uint dst_len = MAXSIZE;

                if(lzo1x_decompress_safe(source, len, dest, &dst_len, NULL) == LZO_E_OK) {
                        return dst_len;
                } else {
                        return 0;
                }
        }

#endif
#ifdef HAVE_ZLIB

        case COMPRESS_ZLIB_9:
        case COMPRESS_ZLIB_8:
        case COMPRESS_ZLIB_7:
        case COMPRESS_ZLIB_6:
        case COMPRESS_ZLIB_5:
        case COMPRESS_ZLIB_4:
        case COMPRESS_ZLIB_3:
        case COMPRESS_ZLIB_2:
        case COMPRESS_ZLIB_1: {
                unsigned long destlen = MAXSIZE;
                static z_stream stream;

                if(stream.next_in) {
                        inflateReset(&stream);
                } else {
                        inflateInit(&stream);
                }

                stream.next_in = source;
                stream.avail_in = len;
                stream.next_out = dest;
                stream.avail_out = destlen;
                stream.total_out = 0;

                if(inflate(&stream, Z_FINISH) == Z_STREAM_END) {
                        return stream.total_out;
                } else {
                        return 0;
                }
        }

#endif

        case COMPRESS_NONE:
                memcpy(dest, source, len);
                return len;

        default:
                return 0;
        }
}

/* VPN packet I/O */

static void receive_packet(node_t *n, vpn_packet_t *packet) {
        logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_DEBUG, "Received packet of %d bytes from %s (%s)",
               packet->len, n->name, n->hostname);

        n->in_packets++;
        n->in_bytes += packet->len;

        route(n, packet);
}

static bool try_mac(node_t *n, const vpn_packet_t *inpkt) {
        if(n->status.sptps) {
                return sptps_verify_datagram(&n->sptps, DATA(inpkt), inpkt->len);
        }

#ifdef DISABLE_LEGACY
        return false;
#else

        if(!n->status.validkey_in || !digest_active(n->indigest) || (size_t)inpkt->len < sizeof(seqno_t) + digest_length(n->indigest)) {
                return false;
        }

        return digest_verify(n->indigest, inpkt->data, inpkt->len - digest_length(n->indigest), inpkt->data + inpkt->len - digest_length(n->indigest));
#endif
}

static bool receive_udppacket(node_t *n, vpn_packet_t *inpkt) {
        if(n->status.sptps) {
                if(!n->sptps.state) {
                        if(!n->status.waitingforkey) {
                                logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_DEBUG, "Got packet from %s (%s) but we haven't exchanged keys yet", n->name, n->hostname);
                                send_req_key(n);
                        } else {
                                logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_DEBUG, "Got packet from %s (%s) but he hasn't got our key yet", n->name, n->hostname);
                        }

                        return false;
                }

                n->status.udppacket = true;
                bool result = sptps_receive_data(&n->sptps, DATA(inpkt), inpkt->len);
                n->status.udppacket = false;

                if(!result) {
                        /* Uh-oh. It might be that the tunnel is stuck in some corrupted state,
                           so let's restart SPTPS in case that helps. But don't do that too often
                           to prevent storms, and because that would make life a little too easy
                           for external attackers trying to DoS us. */
                        if(n->last_req_key < now.tv_sec - 10) {
                                logger(DEBUG_PROTOCOL, LOG_ERR, "Failed to decode raw TCP packet from %s (%s), restarting SPTPS", n->name, n->hostname);
                                send_req_key(n);
                        }

                        return false;
                }

                return true;
        }

#ifdef DISABLE_LEGACY
        return false;
#else
        vpn_packet_t pkt1, pkt2;
        vpn_packet_t *pkt[] = { &pkt1, &pkt2, &pkt1, &pkt2 };
        int nextpkt = 0;
        size_t outlen;
        pkt1.offset = DEFAULT_PACKET_OFFSET;
        pkt2.offset = DEFAULT_PACKET_OFFSET;

        if(!n->status.validkey_in) {
                logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_DEBUG, "Got packet from %s (%s) but he hasn't got our key yet", n->name, n->hostname);
                return false;
        }

        /* Check packet length */

        if((size_t)inpkt->len < sizeof(seqno_t) + digest_length(n->indigest)) {
                logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_DEBUG, "Got too short packet from %s (%s)",
                       n->name, n->hostname);
                return false;
        }

        /* It's a legacy UDP packet, the data starts after the seqno */

        inpkt->offset += sizeof(seqno_t);

        /* Check the message authentication code */

        if(digest_active(n->indigest)) {
                inpkt->len -= digest_length(n->indigest);

                if(!digest_verify(n->indigest, SEQNO(inpkt), inpkt->len, SEQNO(inpkt) + inpkt->len)) {
                        logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_DEBUG, "Got unauthenticated packet from %s (%s)", n->name, n->hostname);
                        return false;
                }
        }

        /* Decrypt the packet */

        if(cipher_active(n->incipher)) {
                vpn_packet_t *outpkt = pkt[nextpkt++];
                outlen = MAXSIZE;

                if(!cipher_decrypt(n->incipher, SEQNO(inpkt), inpkt->len, SEQNO(outpkt), &outlen, true)) {
                        logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_DEBUG, "Error decrypting packet from %s (%s)", n->name, n->hostname);
                        return false;
                }

                outpkt->len = outlen;
                inpkt = outpkt;
        }

        /* Check the sequence number */

        seqno_t seqno;
        memcpy(&seqno, SEQNO(inpkt), sizeof(seqno));
        seqno = ntohl(seqno);
        inpkt->len -= sizeof(seqno);

        if(replaywin) {
                if(seqno != n->received_seqno + 1) {
                        if(seqno >= n->received_seqno + replaywin * 8) {
                                if(n->farfuture++ < replaywin >> 2) {
                                        logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_WARNING, "Packet from %s (%s) is %d seqs in the future, dropped (%u)",
                                               n->name, n->hostname, seqno - n->received_seqno - 1, n->farfuture);
                                        return false;
                                }

                                logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_WARNING, "Lost %d packets from %s (%s)",
                                       seqno - n->received_seqno - 1, n->name, n->hostname);
                                memset(n->late, 0, replaywin);
                        } else if(seqno <= n->received_seqno) {
                                if((n->received_seqno >= replaywin * 8 && seqno <= n->received_seqno - replaywin * 8) || !(n->late[(seqno / 8) % replaywin] & (1 << seqno % 8))) {
                                        logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_WARNING, "Got late or replayed packet from %s (%s), seqno %d, last received %d",
                                               n->name, n->hostname, seqno, n->received_seqno);
                                        return false;
                                }
                        } else {
                                for(seqno_t i = n->received_seqno + 1; i < seqno; i++) {
                                        n->late[(i / 8) % replaywin] |= 1 << i % 8;
                                }
                        }
                }

                n->farfuture = 0;
                n->late[(seqno / 8) % replaywin] &= ~(1 << seqno % 8);
        }

        if(seqno > n->received_seqno) {
                n->received_seqno = seqno;
        }

        n->received++;

        if(n->received_seqno > MAX_SEQNO) {
                regenerate_key();
        }

        /* Decompress the packet */

        length_t origlen = inpkt->len;

        if(n->incompression != COMPRESS_NONE) {
                vpn_packet_t *outpkt = pkt[nextpkt++];

                if(!(outpkt->len = uncompress_packet(DATA(outpkt), DATA(inpkt), inpkt->len, n->incompression))) {
                        logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_ERR, "Error while uncompressing packet from %s (%s)",
                               n->name, n->hostname);
                        return false;
                }

                inpkt = outpkt;

                if(origlen > MTU / 64 + 20) {
                        origlen -= MTU / 64 + 20;
                } else {
                        origlen = 0;
                }
        }

        if(inpkt->len > n->maxrecentlen) {
                n->maxrecentlen = inpkt->len;
        }

        inpkt->priority = 0;

        if(!DATA(inpkt)[12] && !DATA(inpkt)[13]) {
                udp_probe_h(n, inpkt, origlen);
        } else {
                receive_packet(n, inpkt);
        }

        return true;
#endif
}

void receive_tcppacket(connection_t *c, const char *buffer, size_t len) {
        vpn_packet_t outpkt;
        outpkt.offset = DEFAULT_PACKET_OFFSET;

        if(len > sizeof(outpkt.data) - outpkt.offset) {
                return;
        }

        outpkt.len = len;

        if(c->options & OPTION_TCPONLY) {
                outpkt.priority = 0;
        } else {
                outpkt.priority = -1;
        }

        memcpy(DATA(&outpkt), buffer, len);

        receive_packet(c->node, &outpkt);
}

bool receive_tcppacket_sptps(connection_t *c, const char *data, size_t len) {
        if(len < sizeof(node_id_t) + sizeof(node_id_t)) {
                logger(DEBUG_PROTOCOL, LOG_ERR, "Got too short TCP SPTPS packet from %s (%s)", c->name, c->hostname);
                return false;
        }

        node_t *to = lookup_node_id((node_id_t *)data);
        data += sizeof(node_id_t);
        len -= sizeof(node_id_t);

        if(!to) {
                logger(DEBUG_PROTOCOL, LOG_ERR, "Got TCP SPTPS packet from %s (%s) with unknown destination ID", c->name, c->hostname);
                return true;
        }

        node_t *from = lookup_node_id((node_id_t *)data);
        data += sizeof(node_id_t);
        len -= sizeof(node_id_t);

        if(!from) {
                logger(DEBUG_PROTOCOL, LOG_ERR, "Got TCP SPTPS packet from %s (%s) with unknown source ID", c->name, c->hostname);
                return true;
        }

        if(!to->status.reachable) {
                /* This can happen in the form of a race condition
                   if the node just became unreachable. */
                logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_WARNING, "Cannot relay TCP packet from %s (%s) because the destination, %s (%s), is unreachable", from->name, from->hostname, to->name, to->hostname);
                return true;
        }

        /* Help the sender reach us over UDP.
           Note that we only do this if we're the destination or the static relay;
           otherwise every hop would initiate its own UDP info message, resulting in elevated chatter. */
        if(to->via == myself) {
                send_udp_info(myself, from);
        }

        /* If we're not the final recipient, relay the packet. */

        if(to != myself) {
                if(to->status.validkey) {
                        send_sptps_data(to, from, 0, data, len);
                }

                try_tx(to, true);
                return true;
        }

        /* The packet is for us */

        if(!sptps_receive_data(&from->sptps, data, len)) {
                /* Uh-oh. It might be that the tunnel is stuck in some corrupted state,
                   so let's restart SPTPS in case that helps. But don't do that too often
                   to prevent storms. */
                if(from->last_req_key < now.tv_sec - 10) {
                        logger(DEBUG_PROTOCOL, LOG_ERR, "Failed to decode raw TCP packet from %s (%s), restarting SPTPS", from->name, from->hostname);
                        send_req_key(from);
                }

                return true;
        }

        send_mtu_info(myself, from, MTU);
        return true;
}

static void send_sptps_packet(node_t *n, vpn_packet_t *origpkt) {
        if(!n->status.validkey && !n->connection) {
                return;
        }

        uint8_t type = 0;
        int offset = 0;

        if((!(DATA(origpkt)[12] | DATA(origpkt)[13])) && (n->sptps.outstate))  {
                sptps_send_record(&n->sptps, PKT_PROBE, DATA(origpkt), origpkt->len);
                return;
        }

        if(routing_mode == RMODE_ROUTER) {
                offset = 14;
        } else {
                type = PKT_MAC;
        }

        if(origpkt->len < offset) {
                return;
        }

        vpn_packet_t outpkt;

        if(n->outcompression != COMPRESS_NONE) {
                outpkt.offset = 0;
                length_t len = compress_packet(DATA(&outpkt) + offset, DATA(origpkt) + offset, origpkt->len - offset, n->outcompression);

                if(!len) {
                        logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_ERR, "Error while compressing packet to %s (%s)", n->name, n->hostname);
                } else if(len < origpkt->len - offset) {
                        outpkt.len = len + offset;
                        origpkt = &outpkt;
                        type |= PKT_COMPRESSED;
                }
        }

        /* If we have a direct metaconnection to n, and we can't use UDP, then
           don't bother with SPTPS and just use a "plaintext" PACKET message.
           We don't really care about end-to-end security since we're not
           sending the message through any intermediate nodes. */
        if(n->connection && origpkt->len > n->minmtu) {
                send_tcppacket(n->connection, origpkt);
        } else {
                sptps_send_record(&n->sptps, type, DATA(origpkt) + offset, origpkt->len - offset);
        }
}

static void adapt_socket(const sockaddr_t *sa, size_t *sock) {
        /* Make sure we have a suitable socket for the chosen address */
        if(listen_socket[*sock].sa.sa.sa_family != sa->sa.sa_family) {
                for(int i = 0; i < listen_sockets; i++) {
                        if(listen_socket[i].sa.sa.sa_family == sa->sa.sa_family) {
                                *sock = i;
                                break;
                        }
                }
        }
}

static void choose_udp_address(const node_t *n, const sockaddr_t **sa, size_t *sock) {
        /* Latest guess */
        *sa = &n->address;
        *sock = n->sock;

        /* If the UDP address is confirmed, use it. */
        if(n->status.udp_confirmed) {
                return;
        }

        /* Send every third packet to n->address; that could be set
           to the node's reflexive UDP address discovered during key
           exchange. */

        static int x = 0;

        if(++x >= 3) {
                x = 0;
                return;
        }

        /* Otherwise, address are found in edges to this node.
           So we pick a random edge and a random socket. */

        unsigned int i = 0;
        unsigned int j = prng(n->edge_tree.count);
        edge_t *candidate = NULL;

        for splay_each(edge_t, e, &n->edge_tree) {
                if(i++ == j) {
                        candidate = e->reverse;
                        break;
                }
        }

        if(candidate) {
                *sa = &candidate->address;
                *sock = prng(listen_sockets);
        }

        adapt_socket(*sa, sock);
}

static void choose_local_address(const node_t *n, const sockaddr_t **sa, size_t *sock) {
        *sa = NULL;

        /* Pick one of the edges from this node at random, then use its local address. */

        unsigned int i = 0;
        unsigned int j = prng(n->edge_tree.count);
        edge_t *candidate = NULL;

        for splay_each(edge_t, e, &n->edge_tree) {
                if(i++ == j) {
                        candidate = e;
                        break;
                }
        }

        if(candidate && candidate->local_address.sa.sa_family) {
                *sa = &candidate->local_address;
                *sock = prng(listen_sockets);
                adapt_socket(*sa, sock);
        }
}

static void send_udppacket(node_t *n, vpn_packet_t *origpkt) {
        if(!n->status.reachable) {
                logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_INFO, "Trying to send UDP packet to unreachable node %s (%s)", n->name, n->hostname);
                return;
        }

        if(n->status.sptps) {
                send_sptps_packet(n, origpkt);
                return;
        }

#ifdef DISABLE_LEGACY
        return;
#else
        vpn_packet_t pkt1, pkt2;
        vpn_packet_t *pkt[] = { &pkt1, &pkt2, &pkt1, &pkt2 };
        vpn_packet_t *inpkt = origpkt;
        int nextpkt = 0;
        vpn_packet_t *outpkt;
        int origlen = origpkt->len;
        size_t outlen;
        int origpriority = origpkt->priority;

        pkt1.offset = DEFAULT_PACKET_OFFSET;
        pkt2.offset = DEFAULT_PACKET_OFFSET;

        /* Make sure we have a valid key */

        if(!n->status.validkey) {
                logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_INFO,
                       "No valid key known yet for %s (%s), forwarding via TCP",
                       n->name, n->hostname);
                send_tcppacket(n->nexthop->connection, origpkt);
                return;
        }

        if(n->options & OPTION_PMTU_DISCOVERY && inpkt->len > n->minmtu && (DATA(inpkt)[12] | DATA(inpkt)[13])) {
                logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_INFO,
                       "Packet for %s (%s) larger than minimum MTU, forwarding via %s",
                       n->name, n->hostname, n != n->nexthop ? n->nexthop->name : "TCP");

                if(n != n->nexthop) {
                        send_packet(n->nexthop, origpkt);
                } else {
                        send_tcppacket(n->nexthop->connection, origpkt);
                }

                return;
        }

        /* Compress the packet */

        if(n->outcompression != COMPRESS_NONE) {
                outpkt = pkt[nextpkt++];

                if(!(outpkt->len = compress_packet(DATA(outpkt), DATA(inpkt), inpkt->len, n->outcompression))) {
                        logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_ERR, "Error while compressing packet to %s (%s)",
                               n->name, n->hostname);
                        return;
                }

                inpkt = outpkt;
        }

        /* Add sequence number */

        seqno_t seqno = htonl(++(n->sent_seqno));
        memcpy(SEQNO(inpkt), &seqno, sizeof(seqno));
        inpkt->len += sizeof(seqno);

        /* Encrypt the packet */

        if(cipher_active(n->outcipher)) {
                outpkt = pkt[nextpkt++];
                outlen = MAXSIZE;

                if(!cipher_encrypt(n->outcipher, SEQNO(inpkt), inpkt->len, SEQNO(outpkt), &outlen, true)) {
                        logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_ERR, "Error while encrypting packet to %s (%s)", n->name, n->hostname);
                        goto end;
                }

                outpkt->len = outlen;
                inpkt = outpkt;
        }

        /* Add the message authentication code */

        if(digest_active(n->outdigest)) {
                if(!digest_create(n->outdigest, SEQNO(inpkt), inpkt->len, SEQNO(inpkt) + inpkt->len)) {
                        logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_ERR, "Error while encrypting packet to %s (%s)", n->name, n->hostname);
                        goto end;
                }

                inpkt->len += digest_length(n->outdigest);
        }

        /* Send the packet */

        const sockaddr_t *sa = NULL;
        size_t sock;

        if(n->status.send_locally) {
                choose_local_address(n, &sa, &sock);
        }

        if(!sa) {
                choose_udp_address(n, &sa, &sock);
        }

        if(priorityinheritance && origpriority != listen_socket[sock].priority) {
                listen_socket[sock].priority = origpriority;

                switch(sa->sa.sa_family) {
#if defined(IP_TOS)

                case AF_INET:
                        logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_DEBUG, "Setting IPv4 outgoing packet priority to %d", origpriority);

                        if(setsockopt(listen_socket[sock].udp.fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TOS, (void *)&origpriority, sizeof(origpriority))) { /* SO_PRIORITY doesn't seem to work */
                                logger(DEBUG_ALWAYS, LOG_ERR, "System call `%s' failed: %s", "setsockopt", sockstrerror(sockerrno));
                        }

                        break;
#endif
#if defined(IPV6_TCLASS)

                case AF_INET6:
                        logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_DEBUG, "Setting IPv6 outgoing packet priority to %d", origpriority);

                        if(setsockopt(listen_socket[sock].udp.fd, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_TCLASS, (void *)&origpriority, sizeof(origpriority))) { /* SO_PRIORITY doesn't seem to work */
                                logger(DEBUG_ALWAYS, LOG_ERR, "System call `%s' failed: %s", "setsockopt", sockstrerror(sockerrno));
                        }

                        break;
#endif

                default:
                        break;
                }
        }

        if(sendto(listen_socket[sock].udp.fd, (void *)SEQNO(inpkt), inpkt->len, 0, &sa->sa, SALEN(sa->sa)) < 0 && !sockwouldblock(sockerrno)) {
                if(sockmsgsize(sockerrno)) {
                        reduce_mtu(n, origlen - 1);
                } else {
                        logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_WARNING, "Error sending packet to %s (%s): %s", n->name, n->hostname, sockstrerror(sockerrno));
                }
        }

end:
        origpkt->len = origlen;
#endif
}

bool send_sptps_data(node_t *to, node_t *from, int type, const void *data, size_t len) {
        size_t origlen = len - SPTPS_DATAGRAM_OVERHEAD;
        node_t *relay = (to->via != myself && (type == PKT_PROBE || origlen <= to->via->minmtu)) ? to->via : to->nexthop;
        bool direct = from == myself && to == relay;
        bool relay_supported = (relay->options >> 24) >= 4;
        bool tcponly = (myself->options | relay->options) & OPTION_TCPONLY;

        /* Send it via TCP if it is a handshake packet, TCPOnly is in use, this is a relay packet that the other node cannot understand, or this packet is larger than the MTU. */

        if(type == SPTPS_HANDSHAKE || tcponly || (!direct && !relay_supported) || (type != PKT_PROBE && origlen > relay->minmtu)) {
                if(type != SPTPS_HANDSHAKE && (to->nexthop->connection->options >> 24) >= 7) {
                        const size_t buflen = len + sizeof(to->id) + sizeof(from->id);
                        uint8_t *buf = alloca(buflen);
                        uint8_t *buf_ptr = buf;
                        memcpy(buf_ptr, &to->id, sizeof(to->id));
                        buf_ptr += sizeof(to->id);
                        memcpy(buf_ptr, &from->id, sizeof(from->id));
                        buf_ptr += sizeof(from->id);
                        memcpy(buf_ptr, data, len);
                        logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_INFO, "Sending packet from %s (%s) to %s (%s) via %s (%s) (TCP)", from->name, from->hostname, to->name, to->hostname, to->nexthop->name, to->nexthop->hostname);
                        return send_sptps_tcppacket(to->nexthop->connection, buf, buflen);
                }

                char *buf = alloca(B64_SIZE(len));
                b64encode_tinc(data, buf, len);

                /* If this is a handshake packet, use ANS_KEY instead of REQ_KEY, for two reasons:
                    - We don't want intermediate nodes to switch to UDP to relay these packets;
                    - ANS_KEY allows us to learn the reflexive UDP address. */
                if(type == SPTPS_HANDSHAKE) {
                        to->incompression = myself->incompression;
                        return send_request(to->nexthop->connection, "%d %s %s %s -1 -1 -1 %d", ANS_KEY, from->name, to->name, buf, to->incompression);
                } else {
                        return send_request(to->nexthop->connection, "%d %s %s %d %s", REQ_KEY, from->name, to->name, SPTPS_PACKET, buf);
                }
        }

        size_t overhead = 0;

        if(relay_supported) {
                overhead += sizeof(to->id) + sizeof(from->id);
        }

        char *buf = alloca(len + overhead);
        char *buf_ptr = buf;

        if(relay_supported) {
                if(direct) {
                        /* Inform the recipient that this packet was sent directly. */
                        node_id_t nullid = {0};
                        memcpy(buf_ptr, &nullid, sizeof(nullid));
                        buf_ptr += sizeof(nullid);
                } else {
                        memcpy(buf_ptr, &to->id, sizeof(to->id));
                        buf_ptr += sizeof(to->id);
                }

                memcpy(buf_ptr, &from->id, sizeof(from->id));
                buf_ptr += sizeof(from->id);

        }

        /* TODO: if this copy turns out to be a performance concern, change sptps_send_record() to add some "pre-padding" to the buffer and use that instead */
        memcpy(buf_ptr, data, len);
        buf_ptr += len;

        const sockaddr_t *sa = NULL;
        size_t sock;

        if(relay->status.send_locally) {
                choose_local_address(relay, &sa, &sock);
        }

        if(!sa) {
                choose_udp_address(relay, &sa, &sock);
        }

        logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_INFO, "Sending packet from %s (%s) to %s (%s) via %s (%s) (UDP)", from->name, from->hostname, to->name, to->hostname, relay->name, relay->hostname);

        if(sendto(listen_socket[sock].udp.fd, buf, buf_ptr - buf, 0, &sa->sa, SALEN(sa->sa)) < 0 && !sockwouldblock(sockerrno)) {
                if(sockmsgsize(sockerrno)) {
                        reduce_mtu(relay, (int)origlen - 1);
                } else {
                        logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_WARNING, "Error sending UDP SPTPS packet to %s (%s): %s", relay->name, relay->hostname, sockstrerror(sockerrno));
                        return false;
                }
        }

        return true;
}

bool receive_sptps_record(void *handle, uint8_t type, const void *data, uint16_t len) {
        node_t *from = handle;

        if(type == SPTPS_HANDSHAKE) {
                if(!from->status.validkey) {
                        from->status.validkey = true;
                        from->status.waitingforkey = false;
                        logger(DEBUG_META, LOG_INFO, "SPTPS key exchange with %s (%s) successful", from->name, from->hostname);
                }

                return true;
        }

        if(len > MTU) {
                logger(DEBUG_ALWAYS, LOG_ERR, "Packet from %s (%s) larger than maximum supported size (%d > %d)", from->name, from->hostname, len, MTU);
                return false;
        }

        vpn_packet_t inpkt;
        inpkt.offset = DEFAULT_PACKET_OFFSET;
        inpkt.priority = 0;

        if(type == PKT_PROBE) {
                if(!from->status.udppacket) {
                        logger(DEBUG_ALWAYS, LOG_ERR, "Got SPTPS PROBE packet from %s (%s) via TCP", from->name, from->hostname);
                        return false;
                }

                inpkt.len = len;
                memcpy(DATA(&inpkt), data, len);

                if(inpkt.len > from->maxrecentlen) {
                        from->maxrecentlen = inpkt.len;
                }

                udp_probe_h(from, &inpkt, len);
                return true;
        }

        if(type & ~(PKT_COMPRESSED | PKT_MAC)) {
                logger(DEBUG_ALWAYS, LOG_ERR, "Unexpected SPTPS record type %d len %d from %s (%s)", type, len, from->name, from->hostname);
                return false;
        }

        /* Check if we have the headers we need */
        if(routing_mode != RMODE_ROUTER && !(type & PKT_MAC)) {
                logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_ERR, "Received packet from %s (%s) without MAC header (maybe Mode is not set correctly)", from->name, from->hostname);
                return false;
        } else if(routing_mode == RMODE_ROUTER && (type & PKT_MAC)) {
                logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_WARNING, "Received packet from %s (%s) with MAC header (maybe Mode is not set correctly)", from->name, from->hostname);
        }

        int offset = (type & PKT_MAC) ? 0 : 14;

        if(type & PKT_COMPRESSED) {
                length_t ulen = uncompress_packet(DATA(&inpkt) + offset, (const uint8_t *)data, len, from->incompression);

                if(!ulen) {
                        return false;
                } else {
                        inpkt.len = ulen + offset;
                }

                if(inpkt.len > MAXSIZE) {
                        abort();
                }
        } else {
                memcpy(DATA(&inpkt) + offset, data, len);
                inpkt.len = len + offset;
        }

        /* Generate the Ethernet packet type if necessary */
        if(offset) {
                switch(DATA(&inpkt)[14] >> 4) {
                case 4:
                        DATA(&inpkt)[12] = 0x08;
                        DATA(&inpkt)[13] = 0x00;
                        break;

                case 6:
                        DATA(&inpkt)[12] = 0x86;
                        DATA(&inpkt)[13] = 0xDD;
                        break;

                default:
                        logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_ERR,
                               "Unknown IP version %d while reading packet from %s (%s)",
                               DATA(&inpkt)[14] >> 4, from->name, from->hostname);
                        return false;
                }
        }

        if(from->status.udppacket && inpkt.len > from->maxrecentlen) {
                from->maxrecentlen = inpkt.len;
        }

        receive_packet(from, &inpkt);
        return true;
}

// This function tries to get SPTPS keys, if they aren't already known.
// This function makes no guarantees - it is up to the caller to check the node's state to figure out if the keys are available.
static void try_sptps(node_t *n) {
        if(n->status.validkey) {
                return;
        }

        logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_INFO, "No valid key known yet for %s (%s)", n->name, n->hostname);

        if(!n->status.waitingforkey) {
                send_req_key(n);
        } else if(n->last_req_key + 10 < now.tv_sec) {
                logger(DEBUG_ALWAYS, LOG_DEBUG, "No key from %s after 10 seconds, restarting SPTPS", n->name);
                sptps_stop(&n->sptps);
                n->status.waitingforkey = false;
                send_req_key(n);
        }

        return;
}

static void send_udp_probe_packet(node_t *n, size_t len) {
        vpn_packet_t packet;

        if(len > sizeof(packet.data)) {
                logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_INFO, "Truncating probe length %lu to %s (%s)", (unsigned long)len, n->name, n->hostname);
                len = sizeof(packet.data);
        }

        len = MAX(len, MIN_PROBE_SIZE);
        packet.offset = DEFAULT_PACKET_OFFSET;
        memset(DATA(&packet), 0, 14);
        randomize(DATA(&packet) + 14, len - 14);
        packet.len = len;
        packet.priority = 0;

        logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_INFO, "Sending UDP probe length %lu to %s (%s)", (unsigned long)len, n->name, n->hostname);

        send_udppacket(n, &packet);
}

// This function tries to establish a UDP tunnel to a node so that packets can be sent.
// If a tunnel is already established, it makes sure it stays up.
// This function makes no guarantees - it is up to the caller to check the node's state to figure out if UDP is usable.
static void try_udp(node_t *n) {
        if(!udp_discovery) {
                return;
        }

        /* Send gratuitous probe replies to 1.1 nodes. */

        if((n->options >> 24) >= 3 && n->status.udp_confirmed) {
                struct timeval ping_tx_elapsed;
                timersub(&now, &n->udp_reply_sent, &ping_tx_elapsed);

                if(ping_tx_elapsed.tv_sec >= udp_discovery_keepalive_interval - 1) {
                        n->udp_reply_sent = now;

                        if(n->maxrecentlen) {
                                vpn_packet_t pkt;
                                pkt.len = n->maxrecentlen;
                                pkt.offset = DEFAULT_PACKET_OFFSET;
                                memset(DATA(&pkt), 0, 14);
                                randomize(DATA(&pkt) + 14, MIN_PROBE_SIZE - 14);
                                send_udp_probe_reply(n, &pkt, pkt.len);
                                n->maxrecentlen = 0;
                        }
                }
        }

        /* Probe request */

        struct timeval ping_tx_elapsed;
        timersub(&now, &n->udp_ping_sent, &ping_tx_elapsed);

        int interval = n->status.udp_confirmed
                       ? udp_discovery_keepalive_interval
                       : udp_discovery_interval;

        if(ping_tx_elapsed.tv_sec >= interval) {
                gettimeofday(&now, NULL);
                n->udp_ping_sent = now; // a probe in flight
                n->status.ping_sent = true;
                send_udp_probe_packet(n, MIN_PROBE_SIZE);

                if(localdiscovery && !n->status.udp_confirmed && n->prevedge) {
                        n->status.send_locally = true;
                        send_udp_probe_packet(n, MIN_PROBE_SIZE);
                        n->status.send_locally = false;
                }
        }
}

static length_t choose_initial_maxmtu(node_t *n) {
#ifdef IP_MTU

        int sock = -1;

        const sockaddr_t *sa = NULL;
        size_t sockindex;
        choose_udp_address(n, &sa, &sockindex);

        if(!sa) {
                return MTU;
        }

        sock = socket(sa->sa.sa_family, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP);

        if(sock < 0) {
                logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_ERR, "Creating MTU assessment socket for %s (%s) failed: %s", n->name, n->hostname, sockstrerror(sockerrno));
                return MTU;
        }

        if(connect(sock, &sa->sa, SALEN(sa->sa))) {
                logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_ERR, "Connecting MTU assessment socket for %s (%s) failed: %s", n->name, n->hostname, sockstrerror(sockerrno));
                closesocket(sock);
                return MTU;
        }

        int ip_mtu;
        socklen_t ip_mtu_len = sizeof(ip_mtu);

        if(getsockopt(sock, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MTU, (void *)&ip_mtu, &ip_mtu_len)) {
                logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_ERR, "getsockopt(IP_MTU) on %s (%s) failed: %s", n->name, n->hostname, sockstrerror(sockerrno));
                closesocket(sock);
                return MTU;
        }

        closesocket(sock);

        if(ip_mtu < MINMTU) {
                logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_ERR, "getsockopt(IP_MTU) on %s (%s) returned absurdly small value: %d", n->name, n->hostname, ip_mtu);
                return MTU;
        }

        /* getsockopt(IP_MTU) returns the MTU of the physical interface.
           We need to remove various overheads to get to the tinc MTU. */
        length_t mtu = ip_mtu;
        mtu -= (sa->sa.sa_family == AF_INET6) ? sizeof(struct ip6_hdr) : sizeof(struct ip);
        mtu -= 8; /* UDP */

        if(n->status.sptps) {
                mtu -= SPTPS_DATAGRAM_OVERHEAD;

                if((n->options >> 24) >= 4) {
                        mtu -= sizeof(node_id_t) + sizeof(node_id_t);
                }

#ifndef DISABLE_LEGACY
        } else {
                mtu -= digest_length(n->outdigest);

                /* Now it's tricky. We use CBC mode, so the length of the
                   encrypted payload must be a multiple of the blocksize. The
                   sequence number is also part of the encrypted payload, so we
                   must account for it after correcting for the blocksize.
                   Furthermore, the padding in the last block must be at least
                   1 byte. */

                length_t blocksize = cipher_blocksize(n->outcipher);

                if(blocksize > 1) {
                        mtu /= blocksize;
                        mtu *= blocksize;
                        mtu--;
                }

                mtu -= 4; // seqno
#endif
        }

        if(mtu > MTU) {
                return MTU;
        }

        logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_INFO, "Using system-provided maximum tinc MTU for %s (%s): %hd", n->name, n->hostname, mtu);
        return mtu;

#else
        (void)n;
        return MTU;
#endif
}

/* This function tries to determines the MTU of a node.
   By calling this function repeatedly, n->minmtu will be progressively
   increased, and at some point, n->mtu will be fixed to n->minmtu.  If the MTU
   is already fixed, this function checks if it can be increased.
*/

static void try_mtu(node_t *n) {
        if(!(n->options & OPTION_PMTU_DISCOVERY)) {
                return;
        }

        if(udp_discovery && !n->status.udp_confirmed) {
                n->maxrecentlen = 0;
                n->mtuprobes = 0;
                n->minmtu = 0;
                n->maxmtu = MTU;
                return;
        }

        /* mtuprobes == 0..19: initial discovery, send bursts with 1 second interval, mtuprobes++
           mtuprobes ==    20: fix MTU, and go to -1
           mtuprobes ==    -1: send one maxmtu and one maxmtu+1 probe every pinginterval
           mtuprobes ==-2..-3: send one maxmtu probe every second
           mtuprobes ==    -4: maxmtu no longer valid, reset minmtu and maxmtu and go to 0 */

        struct timeval elapsed;
        timersub(&now, &n->mtu_ping_sent, &elapsed);

        if(n->mtuprobes >= 0) {
                if(n->mtuprobes != 0 && elapsed.tv_sec == 0 && elapsed.tv_usec < 333333) {
                        return;
                }
        } else {
                if(n->mtuprobes < -1) {
                        if(elapsed.tv_sec < 1) {
                                return;
                        }
                } else {
                        if(elapsed.tv_sec < pinginterval) {
                                return;
                        }
                }
        }

        n->mtu_ping_sent = now;

        try_fix_mtu(n);

        if(n->mtuprobes < -3) {
                /* We lost three MTU probes, restart discovery */
                logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_INFO, "Decrease in PMTU to %s (%s) detected, restarting PMTU discovery", n->name, n->hostname);
                n->mtuprobes = 0;
                n->minmtu = 0;
        }

        if(n->mtuprobes < 0) {
                /* After the initial discovery, we only send one maxmtu and one
                   maxmtu+1 probe to detect PMTU increases. */
                send_udp_probe_packet(n, n->maxmtu);

                if(n->mtuprobes == -1 && n->maxmtu + 1 < MTU) {
                        send_udp_probe_packet(n, n->maxmtu + 1);
                }

                n->mtuprobes--;
        } else {
                /* Before initial discovery begins, set maxmtu to the most likely value.
                   If it's underestimated, we will correct it after initial discovery. */
                if(n->mtuprobes == 0) {
                        n->maxmtu = choose_initial_maxmtu(n);
                }

                for(;;) {
                        /* Decreasing the number of probes per cycle might make the algorithm react faster to lost packets,
                           but it will typically increase convergence time in the no-loss case. */
                        const length_t probes_per_cycle = 8;

                        /* This magic value was determined using math simulations.
                           It will result in a 1329-byte first probe, followed (if there was a reply) by a 1407-byte probe.
                           Since 1407 is just below the range of tinc MTUs over typical networks,
                           this fine-tuning allows tinc to cover a lot of ground very quickly.
                           This fine-tuning is only valid for maxmtu = MTU; if maxmtu is smaller,
                           then it's better to use a multiplier of 1. Indeed, this leads to an interesting scenario
                           if choose_initial_maxmtu() returns the actual MTU value - it will get confirmed with one single probe. */
                        const float multiplier = (n->maxmtu == MTU) ? 0.97f : 1.0f;

                        const float cycle_position = (float) probes_per_cycle - (float)(n->mtuprobes % probes_per_cycle) - 1.0f;
                        const length_t minmtu = MAX(n->minmtu, MINMTU);
                        const float interval = (float)(n->maxmtu - minmtu);

                        length_t offset = 0;

                        /* powf can be underflowed if n->maxmtu is less than 512 due to the minmtu MAX bound */
                        if(interval > 0) {
                                /* The core of the discovery algorithm is this exponential.
                                        It produces very large probes early in the cycle, and then it very quickly decreases the probe size.
                                        This reflects the fact that in the most difficult cases, we don't get any feedback for probes that
                                        are too large, and therefore we need to concentrate on small offsets so that we can quickly converge
                                        on the precise MTU as we are approaching it.
                                        The last probe of the cycle is always 1 byte in size - this is to make sure we'll get at least one
                                        reply per cycle so that we can make progress. */
                                offset = lrintf(powf(interval, multiplier * cycle_position / (float)(probes_per_cycle - 1)));
                        }

                        length_t maxmtu = n->maxmtu;
                        send_udp_probe_packet(n, minmtu + offset);

                        /* If maxmtu changed, it means the probe was rejected by the system because it was too large.
                           In that case, we recalculate with the new maxmtu and try again. */
                        if(n->mtuprobes < 0 || maxmtu == n->maxmtu) {
                                break;
                        }
                }

                if(n->mtuprobes >= 0) {
                        n->mtuprobes++;
                }
        }
}

/* These functions try to establish a tunnel to a node (or its relay) so that
   packets can be sent (e.g. exchange keys).
   If a tunnel is already established, it tries to improve it (e.g. by trying
   to establish a UDP tunnel instead of TCP).  This function makes no
   guarantees - it is up to the caller to check the node's state to figure out
   if TCP and/or UDP is usable.  By calling this function repeatedly, the
   tunnel is gradually improved until we hit the wall imposed by the underlying
   network environment.  It is recommended to call this function every time a
   packet is sent (or intended to be sent) to a node, so that the tunnel keeps
   improving as packets flow, and then gracefully downgrades itself as it goes
   idle.
*/

static void try_tx_sptps(node_t *n, bool mtu) {
        /* If n is a TCP-only neighbor, we'll only use "cleartext" PACKET
           messages anyway, so there's no need for SPTPS at all. */

        if(n->connection && ((myself->options | n->options) & OPTION_TCPONLY)) {
                return;
        }

        /* Otherwise, try to do SPTPS authentication with n if necessary. */

        try_sptps(n);

        /* Do we need to statically relay packets? */

        node_t *via = (n->via == myself) ? n->nexthop : n->via;

        /* If we do have a static relay, try everything with that one instead, if it supports relaying. */

        if(via != n) {
                if((via->options >> 24) < 4) {
                        return;
                }

                try_tx(via, mtu);
                return;
        }

        /* Otherwise, try to establish UDP connectivity. */

        try_udp(n);

        if(mtu) {
                try_mtu(n);
        }

        /* If we don't have UDP connectivity (yet), we need to use a dynamic relay (nexthop)
           while we try to establish direct connectivity. */

        if(!n->status.udp_confirmed && n != n->nexthop && (n->nexthop->options >> 24) >= 4) {
                try_tx(n->nexthop, mtu);
        }
}

static void try_tx_legacy(node_t *n, bool mtu) {
        /* Does he have our key? If not, send one. */

        if(!n->status.validkey_in) {
                send_ans_key(n);
        }

        /* Check if we already have a key, or request one. */

        if(!n->status.validkey) {
                if(n->last_req_key + 10 <= now.tv_sec) {
                        send_req_key(n);
                        n->last_req_key = now.tv_sec;
                }

                return;
        }

        try_udp(n);

        if(mtu) {
                try_mtu(n);
        }
}

void try_tx(node_t *n, bool mtu) {
        if(!n->status.reachable) {
                return;
        }

        if(n->status.sptps) {
                try_tx_sptps(n, mtu);
        } else {
                try_tx_legacy(n, mtu);
        }
}

void send_packet(node_t *n, vpn_packet_t *packet) {
        // If it's for myself, write it to the tun/tap device.

        if(n == myself) {
                if(overwrite_mac) {
                        memcpy(DATA(packet), mymac.x, ETH_ALEN);
                        // Use an arbitrary fake source address.
                        memcpy(DATA(packet) + ETH_ALEN, DATA(packet), ETH_ALEN);
                        DATA(packet)[ETH_ALEN * 2 - 1] ^= 0xFF;
                }

                n->out_packets++;
                n->out_bytes += packet->len;
                devops.write(packet);
                return;
        }

        logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_ERR, "Sending packet of %d bytes to %s (%s)", packet->len, n->name, n->hostname);

        // If the node is not reachable, drop it.

        if(!n->status.reachable) {
                logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_INFO, "Node %s (%s) is not reachable", n->name, n->hostname);
                return;
        }

        // Keep track of packet statistics.

        n->out_packets++;
        n->out_bytes += packet->len;

        // Check if it should be sent as an SPTPS packet.

        if(n->status.sptps) {
                send_sptps_packet(n, packet);
                try_tx(n, true);
                return;
        }

        // Determine which node to actually send it to.

        node_t *via = (packet->priority == -1 || n->via == myself) ? n->nexthop : n->via;

        if(via != n) {
                logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_INFO, "Sending packet to %s via %s (%s)", n->name, via->name, n->via->hostname);
        }

        // Try to send via UDP, unless TCP is forced.

        if(packet->priority == -1 || ((myself->options | via->options) & OPTION_TCPONLY)) {
                if(!send_tcppacket(via->connection, packet)) {
                        terminate_connection(via->connection, true);
                }

                return;
        }

        send_udppacket(via, packet);
        try_tx(via, true);
}

void broadcast_packet(const node_t *from, vpn_packet_t *packet) {
        // Always give ourself a copy of the packet.
        if(from != myself) {
                send_packet(myself, packet);
        }

        // In TunnelServer mode, do not forward broadcast packets.
        // The MST might not be valid and create loops.
        if(tunnelserver || broadcast_mode == BMODE_NONE) {
                return;
        }

        logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_INFO, "Broadcasting packet of %d bytes from %s (%s)",
               packet->len, from->name, from->hostname);

        switch(broadcast_mode) {
        // In MST mode, broadcast packets travel via the Minimum Spanning Tree.
        // This guarantees all nodes receive the broadcast packet, and
        // usually distributes the sending of broadcast packets over all nodes.
        case BMODE_MST:
                for list_each(connection_t, c, &connection_list)
                        if(c->edge && c->status.mst && c != from->nexthop->connection) {
                                send_packet(c->node, packet);
                        }

                break;

        // In direct mode, we send copies to each node we know of.
        // However, this only reaches nodes that can be reached in a single hop.
        // We don't have enough information to forward broadcast packets in this case.
        case BMODE_DIRECT:
                if(from != myself) {
                        break;
                }

                for splay_each(node_t, n, &node_tree)
                        if(n->status.reachable && n != myself && ((n->via == myself && n->nexthop == n) || n->via == n)) {
                                send_packet(n, packet);
                        }

                break;

        default:
                break;
        }
}

/* We got a packet from some IP address, but we don't know who sent it.  Try to
   verify the message authentication code against all active session keys.
   Since this is actually an expensive operation, we only do a full check once
   a minute, the rest of the time we only check against nodes for which we know
   an IP address that matches the one from the packet.  */

static node_t *try_harder(const sockaddr_t *from, const vpn_packet_t *pkt) {
        node_t *match = NULL;
        bool hard = false;
        static time_t last_hard_try = 0;

        for splay_each(node_t, n, &node_tree) {
                if(!n->status.reachable || n == myself) {
                        continue;
                }

                if(!n->status.validkey_in && !(n->status.sptps && n->sptps.instate)) {
                        continue;
                }

                bool soft = false;

                for splay_each(edge_t, e, &n->edge_tree) {
                        if(!e->reverse) {
                                continue;
                        }

                        if(!sockaddrcmp_noport(from, &e->reverse->address)) {
                                soft = true;
                                break;
                        }
                }

                if(!soft) {
                        if(last_hard_try == now.tv_sec) {
                                continue;
                        }

                        hard = true;
                }

                if(!try_mac(n, pkt)) {
                        continue;
                }

                match = n;
                break;
        }

        if(hard) {
                last_hard_try = now.tv_sec;
        }

        return match;
}

static void handle_incoming_vpn_packet(listen_socket_t *ls, vpn_packet_t *pkt, sockaddr_t *addr) {
        char *hostname;
        node_id_t nullid = {0};
        node_t *from, *to;
        bool direct = false;

        sockaddrunmap(addr); /* Some braindead IPv6 implementations do stupid things. */

        // Try to figure out who sent this packet.

        node_t *n = lookup_node_udp(addr);

        if(n && !n->status.udp_confirmed) {
                n = NULL;        // Don't believe it if we don't have confirmation yet.
        }

        if(!n) {
                // It might be from a 1.1 node, which might have a source ID in the packet.
                pkt->offset = 2 * sizeof(node_id_t);
                from = lookup_node_id(SRCID(pkt));

                if(from && from->status.sptps && !memcmp(DSTID(pkt), &nullid, sizeof(nullid))) {
                        if(sptps_verify_datagram(&from->sptps, DATA(pkt), pkt->len - 2 * sizeof(node_id_t))) {
                                n = from;
                        } else {
                                goto skip_harder;
                        }
                }
        }

        if(!n) {
                pkt->offset = 0;
                n = try_harder(addr, pkt);
        }

skip_harder:

        if(!n) {
                if(debug_level >= DEBUG_PROTOCOL) {
                        hostname = sockaddr2hostname(addr);
                        logger(DEBUG_PROTOCOL, LOG_WARNING, "Received UDP packet from unknown source %s", hostname);
                        free(hostname);
                }

                return;
        }

        pkt->offset = 0;

        if(n->status.sptps) {
                bool relay_enabled = (n->options >> 24) >= 4;

                if(relay_enabled) {
                        pkt->offset = 2 * sizeof(node_id_t);
                        pkt->len -= pkt->offset;
                }

                if(!relay_enabled || !memcmp(DSTID(pkt), &nullid, sizeof(nullid))) {
                        direct = true;
                        from = n;
                        to = myself;
                } else {
                        from = lookup_node_id(SRCID(pkt));
                        to = lookup_node_id(DSTID(pkt));
                }

                if(!from || !to) {
                        logger(DEBUG_PROTOCOL, LOG_WARNING, "Received UDP packet from %s (%s) with unknown source and/or destination ID", n->name, n->hostname);
                        return;
                }

                if(!to->status.reachable) {
                        /* This can happen in the form of a race condition
                           if the node just became unreachable. */
                        logger(DEBUG_TRAFFIC, LOG_WARNING, "Cannot relay packet from %s (%s) because the destination, %s (%s), is unreachable", from->name, from->hostname, to->name, to->hostname);
                        return;
                }

                /* The packet is supposed to come from the originator or its static relay
                   (i.e. with no dynamic relays in between).
                   If it did not, "help" the static relay by sending it UDP info.
                   Note that we only do this if we're the destination or the static relay;
                   otherwise every hop would initiate its own UDP info message, resulting in elevated chatter. */

                if(n != from->via && to->via == myself) {
                        send_udp_info(myself, from);
                }

                /* If we're not the final recipient, relay the packet. */

                if(to != myself) {
                        send_sptps_data(to, from, 0, DATA(pkt), pkt->len);
                        try_tx(to, true);
                        return;
                }
        } else {
                direct = true;
                from = n;
        }

        if(!receive_udppacket(from, pkt)) {
                return;
        }

        n->sock = ls - listen_socket;

        if(direct && sockaddrcmp(addr, &n->address)) {
                update_node_udp(n, addr);
        }

        /* If the packet went through a relay, help the sender find the appropriate MTU
           through the relay path. */

        if(!direct) {
                send_mtu_info(myself, n, MTU);
        }
}

void handle_incoming_vpn_data(void *data, int flags) {
        (void)data;
        (void)flags;
        listen_socket_t *ls = data;

#ifdef HAVE_RECVMMSG
#define MAX_MSG 64
        static ssize_t num = MAX_MSG;
        static vpn_packet_t pkt[MAX_MSG];
        static sockaddr_t addr[MAX_MSG];
        static struct mmsghdr msg[MAX_MSG];
        static struct iovec iov[MAX_MSG];

        for(int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
                pkt[i].offset = 0;

                iov[i] = (struct iovec) {
                        .iov_base = DATA(&pkt[i]),
                        .iov_len = MAXSIZE,
                };

                msg[i].msg_hdr = (struct msghdr) {
                        .msg_name = &addr[i].sa,
                        .msg_namelen = sizeof(addr)[i],
                        .msg_iov = &iov[i],
                        .msg_iovlen = 1,
                };
        }

        num = recvmmsg(ls->udp.fd, msg, MAX_MSG, MSG_DONTWAIT, NULL);

        if(num < 0) {
                if(!sockwouldblock(sockerrno)) {
                        logger(DEBUG_ALWAYS, LOG_ERR, "Receiving packet failed: %s", sockstrerror(sockerrno));
                }

                return;
        }

        for(int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
                pkt[i].len = msg[i].msg_len;

                if(pkt[i].len <= 0 || pkt[i].len > MAXSIZE) {
                        continue;
                }

                handle_incoming_vpn_packet(ls, &pkt[i], &addr[i]);
        }

#else
        vpn_packet_t pkt;
        sockaddr_t addr = {0};
        socklen_t addrlen = sizeof(addr);

        pkt.offset = 0;
        ssize_t len = recvfrom(ls->udp.fd, (void *)DATA(&pkt), MAXSIZE, 0, &addr.sa, &addrlen);

        if(len <= 0 || (size_t)len > MAXSIZE) {
                if(!sockwouldblock(sockerrno)) {
                        logger(DEBUG_ALWAYS, LOG_ERR, "Receiving packet failed: %s", sockstrerror(sockerrno));
                }

                return;
        }

        pkt.len = len;

        handle_incoming_vpn_packet(ls, &pkt, &addr);
#endif
}

void handle_device_data(void *data, int flags) {
        (void)data;
        (void)flags;
        vpn_packet_t packet;
        packet.offset = DEFAULT_PACKET_OFFSET;
        packet.priority = 0;
        static int errors = 0;

        if(devops.read(&packet)) {
                errors = 0;
                myself->in_packets++;
                myself->in_bytes += packet.len;
                route(myself, &packet);
        } else {
                sleep_millis(errors * 50);
                errors++;

                if(errors > 10) {
                        logger(DEBUG_ALWAYS, LOG_ERR, "Too many errors from %s, exiting!", device);
                        event_exit();
                }
        }
}