\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
-@c $Id: tinc.texi,v 1.8.4.14 2001/01/18 13:00:57 zarq Exp $
@c %**start of header
@setfilename tinc.info
@settitle tinc Manual
@setchapternewpage odd
@c %**end of header
+@include tincinclude.texi
+
@ifinfo
+@dircategory Networking tools
@direntry
* tinc: (tinc). The tinc Manual.
@end direntry
-This is the info manual for tinc, a Virtual Private Network daemon.
-
-Copyright @copyright{} 1998-2001 Ivo Timmermans
-<itimmermans@@bigfoot.com>, Guus Sliepen <guus@@sliepen.warande.net> and
-Wessel Dankers <wsl@@nl.linux.org>.
+This is the info manual for @value{PACKAGE} version @value{VERSION}, a Virtual Private Network daemon.
-$Id: tinc.texi,v 1.8.4.14 2001/01/18 13:00:57 zarq Exp $
+Copyright @copyright{} 1998-2012 Ivo Timmermans,
+Guus Sliepen <guus@@tinc-vpn.org> and
+Wessel Dankers <wsl@@tinc-vpn.org>.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
-@cindex copyright
-Copyright @copyright{} 1998-2001 Ivo Timmermans
-<itimmermans@@bigfoot.com>, Guus Sliepen <guus@@sliepen.warande.net> and
-Wessel Dankers <wsl@@nl.linux.org>.
+This is the info manual for @value{PACKAGE} version @value{VERSION}, a Virtual Private Network daemon.
-$Id: tinc.texi,v 1.8.4.14 2001/01/18 13:00:57 zarq Exp $
+Copyright @copyright{} 1998-2012 Ivo Timmermans,
+Guus Sliepen <guus@@tinc-vpn.org> and
+Wessel Dankers <wsl@@tinc-vpn.org>.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
@end titlepage
+@ifnottex
@c ==================================================================
-@node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir)
+@node Top
+@top Top
@menu
-* Introduction:: Introduction
-* Installing tinc - preparations::
-* Installing tinc - installation::
-* Configuring tinc::
-* Running tinc::
-* Technical information::
-* About us::
+* Introduction::
+* Preparations::
+* Installation::
+* Configuration::
+* Running tinc::
+* Technical information::
+* Platform specific information::
+* About us::
* Concept Index:: All used terms explained
@end menu
-
-
-@contents
+@end ifnottex
@c ==================================================================
-@node Introduction, Installing tinc - preparations, Top, Top
+@node Introduction
@chapter Introduction
@cindex tinc
-tinc is a Virtual Private Network (VPN) daemon that uses tunneling and
+Tinc is a Virtual Private Network (VPN) daemon that uses tunneling and
encryption to create a secure private network between hosts on the
Internet.
Because the tunnel appears to the IP level network code as a normal
network device, there is no need to adapt any existing software.
-
-This tunneling allows VPN sites to share information with each other
+The encrypted tunnels allows VPN sites to share information with each other
over the Internet without exposing any information to others.
This document is the manual for tinc. Included are chapters on how to
process of tinc itself.
@menu
-* VPNs:: Virtual Private Networks in general
-* tinc:: about tinc
-* Supported platforms::
+* Virtual Private Networks::
+* tinc:: About tinc
+* Supported platforms::
@end menu
@c ==================================================================
-@node VPNs, tinc, Introduction, Introduction
+@node Virtual Private Networks
@section Virtual Private Networks
@cindex VPN
more than just one way.
@cindex private
-Private networks can consist of a single stand-alone ethernet LAN. Or
+Private networks can consist of a single stand-alone Ethernet LAN. Or
even two computers hooked up using a null-modem cable. In these cases,
it is
obvious that the network is @emph{private}, no one can access it from the
-outside. But if your computers are linked to the internet, the network
+outside. But if your computers are linked to the Internet, the network
is not private anymore, unless one uses firewalls to block all private
traffic. But then, there is no way to send private data to trusted
-computers on the other end of the internet.
+computers on the other end of the Internet.
@cindex virtual
This problem can be solved by using @emph{virtual} networks. Virtual
networks can live on top of other networks, but they use encapsulation to
keep using their private address space so they do not interfere with
-each other. Mostly, virtual networks appear like a singe LAN, even though
+the Internet. Mostly, virtual networks appear like a single LAN, even though
they can span the entire world. But virtual networks can't be secured
by using firewalls, because the traffic that flows through it has to go
-through the internet, where other people can look at it.
+through the Internet, where other people can look at it.
+
+As is the case with either type of VPN, anybody could eavesdrop. Or
+worse, alter data. Hence it's probably advisable to encrypt the data
+that flows over the network.
When one introduces encryption, we can form a true VPN. Other people may
see encrypted traffic, but if they don't know how to decipher it (they
need to know the key for that), they cannot read the information that flows
through the VPN. This is what tinc was made for.
-@cindex virtual
-tinc uses normal IP datagrams to encapsulate data that goes over the VPN
-network link. In this case it's also clear that the network is
-@emph{virtual}, because no direct network link has to exist between to
-participants.
-
-As is the case with either type of VPN, anybody could eavesdrop. Or
-worse, alter data. Hence it's probably advisable to encrypt the data
-that flows over the network.
-
@c ==================================================================
-@node tinc, Supported platforms, VPNs, Introduction
+@node tinc
@section tinc
@cindex vpnd
-@cindex ethertap
I really don't quite remember what got us started, but it must have been
Guus' idea. He wrote a simple implementation (about 50 lines of C) that
-used the @emph{ethertap} device that Linux knows of since somewhere
+used the ethertap device that Linux knows of since somewhere
about kernel 2.1.60. It didn't work immediately and he improved it a
-bit. At this stage, the project was still simply called @samp{vpnd}.
+bit. At this stage, the project was still simply called "vpnd".
Since then, a lot has changed---to say the least.
@cindex tincd
-tinc now supports encryption, it consists of a single daemon (tincd) for
+Tinc now supports encryption, it consists of a single daemon (tincd) for
both the receiving and sending end, it has become largely
runtime-configurable---in short, it has become a full-fledged
professional package.
+@cindex traditional VPNs
+@cindex scalability
+Tinc also allows more than two sites to connect to eachother and form a single VPN.
+Traditionally VPNs are created by making tunnels, which only have two endpoints.
+Larger VPNs with more sites are created by adding more tunnels.
+Tinc takes another approach: only endpoints are specified,
+the software itself will take care of creating the tunnels.
+This allows for easier configuration and improved scalability.
+
A lot can---and will be---changed. We have a number of things that we would like to
see in the future releases of tinc. Not everything will be available in
the near future. Our first objective is to make tinc work perfectly as
@c ==================================================================
-@node Supported platforms, , tinc, Introduction
+@node Supported platforms
@section Supported platforms
-tinc has been verified to work under Linux, FreeBSD and Solaris, with
-various hardware architectures. These are the three platforms
-that are supported by the universial TUN/TAP device driver, so if
-support for other operating systems is added to this driver, perhaps
-tinc will run on them as well. Without this driver, tinc will most
+@cindex platforms
+Tinc has been verified to work under Linux, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, MacOS/X (Darwin), Solaris, and Windows (both natively and in a Cygwin environment),
+with various hardware architectures. These are some of the platforms
+that are supported by the universal tun/tap device driver or other virtual network device drivers.
+Without such a driver, tinc will most
likely compile and run, but it will not be able to send or receive data
packets.
+@cindex release
For an up to date list of supported platforms, please check the list on
our website:
-@uref{http://tinc.nl.linux.org/platforms.html}.
-
-
-@c ==================================================================
-@subsection Linux
-
-tinc was first written for Linux running on an intel x86 processor, so
-this is the best supported platform. The protocol however, and actually
-anything about tinc, has been rewritten to support random byte ordering
-and arbitrary word length. So in theory it should run on other
-processors that Linux runs on. It has already been verified to run on
-alpha and sparc processors as well.
-
-tinc uses the ethertap device that is provided in the standard kernel
-since version 2.1.60, so anything above that (2.2.x, 2.3.x, and 2.4.0)
-kernel version is able to support tinc.
-
-
-@c ==================================================================
-@subsection FreeBSD
-
-tinc on FreeBSD relies on the universial TUN/TAP driver for its data
-acquisition from the kernel. Therefore, tinc suports the same platforms
-as this driver. These are: FreeBSD 3.x, 4.x, 5.x.
-
-
-@c ==================================================================
-@subsection Solaris
-
-tinc on Solaris relies on the universial TUN/TAP driver for its data
-acquisition from the kernel. Therefore, tinc suports the same platforms
-as this driver. These are: Solaris, 2.1.x.
-
+@uref{http://www.tinc-vpn.org/platforms}.
@c
@c
@c
@c ==================================================================
-@node Installing tinc - preparations, Installing tinc - installation, Introduction, Top
-@chapter Installing tinc: preparations
+@node Preparations
+@chapter Preparations
This chapter contains information on how to prepare your system to
support tinc.
@menu
-* Configuring the kernel::
-* Libraries::
+* Configuring the kernel::
+* Libraries::
@end menu
@c ==================================================================
-@node Configuring the kernel, Libraries, Installing tinc - preparations, Installing tinc - preparations
+@node Configuring the kernel
@section Configuring the kernel
-If you are running Linux, chances are good that your kernel already
-supports all the devices that tinc needs for proper operation. For
-example, the standard kernel from Redhat Linux already has support for
-ethertap and netlink compiled in. Debian users can use the modconf
-utility to select the modules. If your Linux distribution supports this
-method of selecting devices, look out for something called `ethertap',
-and `netlink_dev'. You need both these devices.
-
-If you can install these devices in a similar manner, you may skip this
-section.
-
@menu
-* Configuration of the Linux kernel::
-* Configuration of the FreeBSD kernel::
-* Configuration of the Solaris kernel::
+* Configuration of Linux kernels::
+* Configuration of FreeBSD kernels::
+* Configuration of OpenBSD kernels::
+* Configuration of NetBSD kernels::
+* Configuration of Solaris kernels::
+* Configuration of Darwin (MacOS/X) kernels::
+* Configuration of Windows::
@end menu
@c ==================================================================
-@node Configuration of the Linux kernel, Configuration of the FreeBSD kernel, Configuring the kernel, Configuring the kernel
-@subsection Configuring the Linux kernel
-
-Since this particular implementation only runs on 2.1 or higher Linux
-kernels, you should grab one (2.2 is current at this time). A 2.0 port
-is not really possible, unless someone tells me someone ported the
-ethertap and netlink devices back to 2.0.
+@node Configuration of Linux kernels
+@subsection Configuration of Linux kernels
-If you are unfamiliar with the process of configuring and compiling a
-new kernel, you should read the
-@uref{http://howto.linuxberg.com/LDP/HOWTO/Kernel-HOWTO.html, Kernel
-HOWTO} first. Do that now!
-
-Here are the options you have to turn on when configuring a new
-kernel.
-
-For kernel 2.2.x:
+@cindex Universal tun/tap
+For tinc to work, you need a kernel that supports the Universal tun/tap device.
+Most distributions come with kernels that already support this.
+Here are the options you have to turn on when configuring a new kernel:
@example
Code maturity level options
[*] Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers
-Networking options
-[*] Kernel/User netlink socket
-<*> Netlink device emulation
Network device support
-<*> Ethertap network tap
+<M> Universal tun/tap device driver support
@end example
-Note that if you want to run more than one instance of tinc or other
-programs that use the ethertap, you have to compile the ethertap driver
-as a module.
+It's not necessary to compile this driver as a module, even if you are going to
+run more than one instance of tinc.
-For kernel 2.3.x and 2.4.x:
+If you decide to build the tun/tap driver as a kernel module, add these lines
+to @file{/etc/modules.conf}:
@example
-Code maturity level options
-[*] Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers
-Networking options
-[*] Kernel/User netlink socket
-<*> Netlink device emulation
-Network device support
-<*> Universal TUN/TAP device driver support
+alias char-major-10-200 tun
@end example
-Any other options not mentioned here are not relevant to tinc. If you
-decide to build any of these as dynamic kernel modules, it's a good idea
-to add these lines to @file{/etc/modules.conf}.
+@c ==================================================================
+@node Configuration of FreeBSD kernels
+@subsection Configuration of FreeBSD kernels
-@example
-alias tap0 ethertap
-alias char-major-36 netlink_dev
-@end example
+For FreeBSD version 4.1 and higher, tun and tap drivers are included in the default kernel configuration.
+Using tap devices is recommended.
-If you have a 2.4-pre kernel, you can choose both the TUN/TAP driver and
-the `Ethertap network tap' device. This latter is marked obsolete,
-because the universal TUN/TAP driver is a newer implementation that is
-supposed to be used in favour of ethertap. For tinc, it doesn't really
-matter which one you choose; based on the device file name, tinc will make
-the right choice about what protocol to use. However, chances are that
-although you can choose the obsolote ethertap driver, it will not function
-at all. The TUN/TAP driver is the safe choice.
-Finally, after having set up other options, build the kernel and boot
-it. Unfortunately it's not possible to insert these modules in a
-running kernel.
+@c ==================================================================
+@node Configuration of OpenBSD kernels
+@subsection Configuration of OpenBSD kernels
+For OpenBSD version 2.9 and higher,
+the tun driver is included in the default kernel configuration.
+There is also a kernel patch from @uref{http://diehard.n-r-g.com/stuff/openbsd/}
+which adds a tap device to OpenBSD which should work with tinc,
+but with recent versions of OpenBSD,
+a tun device can act as a tap device by setting the link0 option with ifconfig.
@c ==================================================================
-@node Configuration of the FreeBSD kernel, Configuration of the Solaris kernel, Configuration of the Linux kernel, Configuring the kernel
-@subsection Configuring the FreeBSD kernel
+@node Configuration of NetBSD kernels
+@subsection Configuration of NetBSD kernels
+
+For NetBSD version 1.5.2 and higher,
+the tun driver is included in the default kernel configuration.
-This section will contain information on how to configure your FreeBSD
-kernel to support the universal TUN/TAP device. For 5.0 and 4.1
-systems, this is included in the kernel configuration, for earlier
-systems (4.0 and 3.x), you need to install the universal TUN/TAP driver
-yourself.
+Tunneling IPv6 may not work on NetBSD's tun device.
+
+
+@c ==================================================================
+@node Configuration of Solaris kernels
+@subsection Configuration of Solaris kernels
-Unfortunately somebody still has to write the text.
+For Solaris 8 (SunOS 5.8) and higher,
+the tun driver may or may not be included in the default kernel configuration.
+If it isn't, the source can be downloaded from @uref{http://vtun.sourceforge.net/tun/}.
+For x86 and sparc64 architectures, precompiled versions can be found at @uref{http://www.monkey.org/~dugsong/fragroute/}.
+If the @file{net/if_tun.h} header file is missing, install it from the source package.
@c ==================================================================
-@node Configuration of the Solaris kernel, , Configuration of the FreeBSD kernel, Configuring the kernel
-@subsection Configuring the Solaris kernel
+@node Configuration of Darwin (MacOS/X) kernels
+@subsection Configuration of Darwin (MacOS/X) kernels
-This section will contain information on how to configure your Solaris
-kernel to support the universal TUN/TAP device. You need to install
-this driver yourself.
+Tinc on Darwin relies on a tunnel driver for its data acquisition from the kernel.
+Tinc supports either the driver from @uref{http://tuntaposx.sourceforge.net/},
+which supports both tun and tap style devices,
+and also the driver from from @uref{http://chrisp.de/en/projects/tunnel.html}.
+The former driver is recommended.
+The tunnel driver must be loaded before starting tinc with the following command:
+
+@example
+kmodload tunnel
+@end example
+
+
+@c ==================================================================
+@node Configuration of Windows
+@subsection Configuration of Windows
-Unfortunately somebody still has to write the text.
+You will need to install the latest TAP-Win32 driver from OpenVPN.
+You can download it from @uref{http://openvpn.sourceforge.net}.
+Using the Network Connections control panel,
+configure the TAP-Win32 network interface in the same way as you would do from the tinc-up script,
+as explained in the rest of the documentation.
@c ==================================================================
-@node Libraries, , Configuring the kernel, Installing tinc - preparations
+@node Libraries
@section Libraries
@cindex requirements
-Before you can configure or build tinc, you need to have the OpenSSL
-library installed on your system. If you try to configure tinc without
-having installed it, configure will give you an error message, and stop.
+@cindex libraries
+Before you can configure or build tinc, you need to have the OpenSSL,
+zlib and lzo libraries installed on your system. If you try to configure tinc without
+having them installed, configure will give you an error message, and stop.
@menu
-* OpenSSL::
+* OpenSSL::
+* zlib::
+* lzo::
@end menu
@c ==================================================================
-@node OpenSSL, , Libraries, Libraries
+@node OpenSSL
@subsection OpenSSL
@cindex OpenSSL
For all cryptography-related functions, tinc uses the functions provided
-by the OpenSSL library. We recommend using version 0.9.5 or 0.9.6 of
-this library. Other versions may also work, but we can guarantee
-nothing.
+by the OpenSSL library.
If this library is not installed, you wil get an error when configuring
tinc for build. Support for running tinc without having OpenSSL
@subsubheading License
+@cindex license
+The complete source code of tinc is covered by the GNU GPL version 2.
Since the license under which OpenSSL is distributed is not directly
compatible with the terms of the GNU GPL
-@uref{http://www.openssl.org/support/faq.html#LEGAL2}, therefore we
-include an addition to the GPL (see also the file COPYING.README):
+@uref{http://www.openssl.org/support/faq.html#LEGAL2}, we
+include an exemption to the GPL (see also the file COPYING.README) to allow
+everyone to create a statically or dynamically linked executable:
@quotation
This program is released under the GPL with the additional exemption
all other requirements of the GPL are met.
@end quotation
+Since the LZO library used by tinc is also covered by the GPL,
+we also present the following exemption:
+
+@quotation
+Hereby I grant a special exception to the tinc VPN project
+(http://www.tinc-vpn.org/) to link the LZO library with the OpenSSL library
+(http://www.openssl.org).
+
+Markus F.X.J. Oberhumer
+@end quotation
+
+
+@c ==================================================================
+@node zlib
+@subsection zlib
+
+@cindex zlib
+For the optional compression of UDP packets, tinc uses the functions provided
+by the zlib library.
+
+If this library is not installed, you wil get an error when configuring
+tinc for build. Support for running tinc without having zlib
+installed @emph{may} be added in the future.
+
+You can use your operating system's package manager to install this if
+available. Make sure you install the development AND runtime versions
+of this package.
+
+If you have to install zlib manually, you can get the source code
+from @url{http://www.gzip.org/zlib/}. Instructions on how to configure,
+build and install this package are included within the package. Please
+make sure you build development and runtime libraries (which is the
+default).
+
+
+@c ==================================================================
+@node lzo
+@subsection lzo
+
+@cindex lzo
+Another form of compression is offered using the lzo library.
+
+If this library is not installed, you wil get an error when configuring
+tinc for build. Support for running tinc without having lzo
+installed @emph{may} be added in the future.
+
+You can use your operating system's package manager to install this if
+available. Make sure you install the development AND runtime versions
+of this package.
+
+If you have to install lzo manually, you can get the source code
+from @url{http://www.oberhumer.com/opensource/lzo/}. Instructions on how to configure,
+build and install this package are included within the package. Please
+make sure you build development and runtime libraries (which is the
+default).
+
@c
@c
@c
@c ==================================================================
-@node Installing tinc - installation, Configuring tinc, Installing tinc - preparations, Top
-@chapter Installing tinc: installation
+@node Installation
+@chapter Installation
-If you use Redhat or Debian, you may want to install one of the
+If you use Debian, you may want to install one of the
precompiled packages for your system. These packages are equipped with
system startup scripts and sample configurations.
-If you don't run either of these systems, or you want to compile tinc
+If you cannot use one of the precompiled packages, or you want to compile tinc
for yourself, you can use the source. The source is distributed under
the GNU General Public License (GPL). Download the source from the
-@uref{http://tinc.nl.linux.org/download.html, download page}, which has
+@uref{http://www.tinc-vpn.org/download, download page}, which has
the checksums of these files listed; you may wish to check these with
md5sum before continuing.
-tinc comes in a convenient autoconf/automake package, which you can just
+Tinc comes in a convenient autoconf/automake package, which you can just
treat the same as any other package. Which is just untar it, type
-`configure' and then `make'.
-
+`./configure' and then `make'.
More detailed instructions are in the file @file{INSTALL}, which is
included in the source distribution.
@menu
-* Building tinc::
-* System files::
-* Interfaces::
+* Building and installing tinc::
+* System files::
+@end menu
+
+
+@c ==================================================================
+@node Building and installing tinc
+@section Building and installing tinc
+
+Detailed instructions on configuring the source, building tinc and installing tinc
+can be found in the file called @file{INSTALL}.
+
+@cindex binary package
+If you happen to have a binary package for tinc for your distribution,
+you can use the package management tools of that distribution to install tinc.
+The documentation that comes along with your distribution will tell you how to do that.
+
+@menu
+* Darwin (MacOS/X) build environment::
+* Cygwin (Windows) build environment::
+* MinGW (Windows) build environment::
@end menu
@c ==================================================================
-@node Building tinc, System files, Installing tinc - installation, Installing tinc - installation
-@section Building tinc
+@node Darwin (MacOS/X) build environment
+@subsection Darwin (MacOS/X) build environment
+
+In order to build tinc on Darwin, you need to install the MacOS/X Developer Tools
+from @uref{http://developer.apple.com/tools/macosxtools.html} and
+a recent version of Fink from @uref{http://fink.sourceforge.net/}.
+
+After installation use fink to download and install the following packages:
+autoconf25, automake, dlcompat, m4, openssl, zlib and lzo.
+
+@c ==================================================================
+@node Cygwin (Windows) build environment
+@subsection Cygwin (Windows) build environment
+
+If Cygwin hasn't already been installed, install it directly from
+@uref{http://www.cygwin.com/}.
+
+When tinc is compiled in a Cygwin environment, it can only be run in this environment,
+but all programs, including those started outside the Cygwin environment, will be able to use the VPN.
+It will also support all features.
+
+@c ==================================================================
+@node MinGW (Windows) build environment
+@subsection MinGW (Windows) build environment
+
+You will need to install the MinGW environment from @uref{http://www.mingw.org}.
-Detailed instructions on configuring the source and building tinc can be
-found in the file called @file{INSTALL}.
+When tinc is compiled using MinGW it runs natively under Windows,
+it is not necessary to keep MinGW installed.
+
+When detaching, tinc will install itself as a service,
+which will be restarted automatically after reboots.
@c ==================================================================
-@node System files, Interfaces, Building tinc, Installing tinc - installation
+@node System files
@section System files
Before you can run tinc, you must make sure you have all the needed
files on your system.
@menu
-* Device files::
-* Other files::
+* Device files::
+* Other files::
@end menu
@c ==================================================================
-@node Device files, Other files, System files, System files
+@node Device files
@subsection Device files
-First, you'll need the special device file(s) that form the interface
-between the kernel and the daemon.
-
-The permissions for these files have to be such that only the super user
-may read/write to this file. You'd want this, because otherwise
-eavesdropping would become a bit too easy. This does, however, imply
-that you'd have to run tincd as root.
-
-If you use the universal TUN/TAP driver, you have to create the
-following device files (unless they already exist):
-
-@example
-mknod -m 600 /dev/... c .. ..
-chown 0.0 /dev/...
-@end example
-
-If you want to have more devices, the device numbers will be .. .. ...
+@cindex device files
+Most operating systems nowadays come with the necessary device files by default,
+or they have a mechanism to create them on demand.
-If you use Linux, and you run the new 2.4 kernel using the devfs
-filesystem, then the tap device will be automatically generated as
-@file{/dev/netlink/tap0}.
-
-If you use Linux and have kernel 2.2.x, you have to make the ethertap
-devices:
+If you use Linux and do not have udev installed,
+you may need to create the following device file if it does not exist:
@example
-mknod -m 600 /dev/tap0 c 36 16
-chown 0.0 /dev/tap0
+mknod -m 600 /dev/net/tun c 10 200
@end example
-Any further ethertap devices have minor device number 16 through 31.
-
@c ==================================================================
-@node Other files, , Device files, System files
+@node Other files
@subsection Other files
@subsubheading @file{/etc/networks}
myvpn 10.0.0.0
@end example
-This has nothing to do with the MyVPNIP configuration variable that will be
-discussed later, it is only to make the output of the route command more
-legible.
-
@subsubheading @file{/etc/services}
+@cindex port numbers
You may add this line to @file{/etc/services}. The effect is that you
may supply a @samp{tinc} as a valid port number to some programs. The
number 655 is registered with the IANA.
@example
tinc 655/tcp TINC
tinc 655/udp TINC
-# Ivo Timmermans <itimmermans@@bigfoot.com>
+# Ivo Timmermans <ivo@@tinc-vpn.org>
@end example
-@c ==================================================================
-@node Interfaces, , System files, Installing tinc - installation
-@section Interfaces
-
-Before you can start transmitting data over the tinc tunnel, you must
-set up the ethertap network devices.
-
-First, decide which IP addresses you want to have associated with these
-devices, and what network mask they must have. You also need these
-numbers when you are going to configure tinc itself. @xref{Configuring
-tinc}.
-
-It doesn't matter much which part you do first, setting up the network
-devices or configure tinc. But they both have to be done before you try
-to start a tincd.
-
-The actual setup of the ethertap device is quite simple, just repeat
-after me:
-
-@example
-ifconfig tap@emph{n} hw ether fe:fd:00:00:00:00
-@end example
-
-@cindex MAC address
-@cindex hardware address
-@strong{Note:} Since version 1.0pre3, all interface addresses are set to
-this address, whereas previous versions required the MAC to match the
-actual IP address.
-
-@cindex ifconfig
-To activate the device, you have to assign an IP address to it. To set
-an IP address @emph{IP} with network mask @emph{mask}, do the following:
-
-@example
-ifconfig tap@emph{n} @emph{xx}.@emph{xx}.@emph{xx}.@emph{xx} netmask @emph{mask}
-@end example
-
-@cindex netmask
-The netmask is the mask of the @emph{entire} VPN network, not just your
-own subnet. It is the same netmask you will have to specify with the
-VpnMask configuration variable.
-
-
@c
@c
@c
@c ==================================================================
-@node Configuring tinc, Running tinc, Installing tinc - installation, Top
-@chapter Configuring tinc
+@node Configuration
+@chapter Configuration
@menu
-* Multiple networks::
-* How connections work::
-* Configuration file::
-* Example::
+* Configuration introduction::
+* Multiple networks::
+* How connections work::
+* Configuration files::
+* Generating keypairs::
+* Network interfaces::
+* Example configuration::
@end menu
@c ==================================================================
-@node Multiple networks, How connections work, Configuring tinc, Configuring tinc
-@section Multiple networks
+@node Configuration introduction
+@section Configuration introduction
+
+Before actually starting to configure tinc and editing files,
+make sure you have read this entire section so you know what to expect.
+Then, make it clear to yourself how you want to organize your VPN:
+What are the nodes (computers running tinc)?
+What IP addresses/subnets do they have?
+What is the network mask of the entire VPN?
+Do you need special firewall rules?
+Do you have to set up masquerading or forwarding rules?
+Do you want to run tinc in router mode or switch mode?
+These questions can only be answered by yourself,
+you will not find the answers in this documentation.
+Make sure you have an adequate understanding of networks in general.
+@cindex Network Administrators Guide
+A good resource on networking is the
+@uref{http://www.linuxdoc.org/LDP/nag2/, Linux Network Administrators Guide}.
+
+If you have everything clearly pictured in your mind,
+proceed in the following order:
+First, generate the configuration files (@file{tinc.conf}, your host configuration file, @file{tinc-up} and perhaps @file{tinc-down}).
+Then generate the keypairs.
+Finally, distribute the host configuration files.
+These steps are described in the subsections below.
-@c from the manpage
-It is perfectly OK for you to run more than one tinc daemon.
-However, in its default form, you will soon notice that you can't use
-two different configuration files without the -c option.
+@c ==================================================================
+@node Multiple networks
+@section Multiple networks
+
+@cindex multiple networks
+@cindex netname
+In order to allow you to run more than one tinc daemon on one computer,
+for instance if your computer is part of more than one VPN,
+you can assign a @var{netname} to your VPN.
+It is not required if you only run one tinc daemon,
+it doesn't even have to be the same on all the sites of your VPN,
+but it is recommended that you choose one anyway.
-We have thought of another way of dealing with this: network names. This
-means that you call tincd with the -n argument, which will assign a name
-to this daemon.
+We will asume you use a netname throughout this document.
+This means that you call tincd with the -n argument,
+which will assign a netname to this daemon.
The effect of this is that the daemon will set its configuration
-``root'' to /etc/tinc/nn/, where nn is your argument to the -n
-option. You'll notice that it appears in syslog as ``tinc.nn''.
+root to @file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/}, where @var{netname} is your argument to the -n
+option. You'll notice that it appears in syslog as @file{tinc.@var{netname}}.
However, it is not strictly necessary that you call tinc with the -n
option. In this case, the network name would just be empty, and it will
-be used as such. tinc now looks for files in /etc/tinc/, instead of
-/etc/tinc/nn/; the configuration file should be /etc/tinc/tinc.conf,
-and the passphrases are now expected to be in /etc/tinc/passphrases/.
+be used as such. tinc now looks for files in @file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/}, instead of
+@file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/}; the configuration file should be @file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/tinc.conf},
+and the host configuration files are now expected to be in @file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/hosts/}.
But it is highly recommended that you use this feature of tinc, because
it will be so much clearer whom your daemon talks to. Hence, we will
@c ==================================================================
-@node How connections work, Configuration file, Multiple networks, Configuring tinc
+@node How connections work
@section How connections work
-Before going on, first a bit on how tinc sees connections.
-
-When tinc starts up, it reads in the configuration file and parses the
-command-line options. If it sees a `ConnectTo' value in the file, it
-will try to connect to it, on the given port. If this fails, tinc exits.
+When tinc starts up, it parses the command-line options and then
+reads in the configuration file tinc.conf.
+If it sees one or more `ConnectTo' values pointing to other tinc daemons in that file,
+it will try to connect to those other daemons.
+Whether this succeeds or not and whether `ConnectTo' is specified or not,
+tinc will listen for incoming connection from other deamons.
+If you did specify a `ConnectTo' value and the other side is not responding,
+tinc will keep retrying.
+This means that once started, tinc will stay running until you tell it to stop,
+and failures to connect to other tinc daemons will not stop your tinc daemon
+for trying again later.
+This means you don't have to intervene if there are temporary network problems.
+
+@cindex client
+@cindex server
+There is no real distinction between a server and a client in tinc.
+If you wish, you can view a tinc daemon without a `ConnectTo' value as a server,
+and one which does specify such a value as a client.
+It does not matter if two tinc daemons have a `ConnectTo' value pointing to each other however.
@c ==================================================================
-@node Configuration file, Example, How connections work, Configuring tinc
-@section Configuration file
+@node Configuration files
+@section Configuration files
The actual configuration of the daemon is done in the file
-@file{/etc/tinc/nn/tinc.conf}.
+@file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/tinc.conf} and at least one other file in the directory
+@file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/hosts/}.
-This file consists of comments (lines started with a #) or assignments
+These file consists of comments (lines started with a #) or assignments
in the form of
@example
in the `=' sign, but doing so improves readability. If you leave it
out, remember to replace it with at least one space character.
+The server configuration is complemented with host specific configuration (see
+the next section). Although all host configuration options for the local node
+listed in this document can also be put in
+@file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/tinc.conf}, it is recommended to
+put host specific configuration options in the host configuration file, as this
+makes it easy to exchange with other nodes.
+
In this section all valid variables are listed in alphabetical order.
-The default value is given between parentheses; required directives are
-given in @strong{bold}.
+The default value is given between parentheses,
+other comments are between square brackets.
@menu
-* Main configuration variables::
-* Host configuration variables::
-* How to configure::
+* Main configuration variables::
+* Host configuration variables::
+* Scripts::
+* How to configure::
@end menu
@c ==================================================================
-@node Main configuration variables, Host configuration variables, Configuration file, Configuration file
+@node Main configuration variables
@subsection Main configuration variables
@table @asis
-@item @strong{ConnectTo = <name>}
-Specifies which host to connect to on startup. Multiple ConnectTo
-variables may be specified, if connecting to the first one fails then
-tinc will try the next one, and so on. It is possible to specify
-hostnames for dynamic IP addresses (like those given on dyndns.org),
-tinc will not cache the resolved IP address.
+@cindex AddressFamily
+@item AddressFamily = <ipv4|ipv6|any> (any)
+This option affects the address family of listening and outgoing sockets.
+If any is selected, then depending on the operating system
+both IPv4 and IPv6 or just IPv6 listening sockets will be created.
+
+@cindex BindToAddress
+@item BindToAddress = <@var{address}> [<@var{port}>] [experimental]
+If your computer has more than one IPv4 or IPv6 address, tinc
+will by default listen on all of them for incoming connections.
+Multiple BindToAddress variables may be specified,
+in which case listening sockets for each specified address are made.
+
+If no @var{port} is specified, the socket will be bound to the port specified by the Port option,
+or to port 655 if neither is given.
+To only bind to a specific port but not to a specific address, use "*" for the @var{address}.
+
+This option may not work on all platforms.
+
+@cindex BindToInterface
+@item BindToInterface = <@var{interface}> [experimental]
+If you have more than one network interface in your computer, tinc will
+by default listen on all of them for incoming connections. It is
+possible to bind tinc to a single interface like eth0 or ppp0 with this
+variable.
+
+This option may not work on all platforms.
+
+@cindex Broadcast
+@item Broadcast = <no | mst | direct> (mst) [experimental]
+This option selects the way broadcast packets are sent to other daemons.
+@emph{NOTE: all nodes in a VPN must use the same Broadcast mode, otherwise routing loops can form.}
+
+@table @asis
+@item no
+Broadcast packets are never sent to other nodes.
+
+@item mst
+Broadcast packets are sent and forwarded via the VPN's Minimum Spanning Tree.
+This ensures broadcast packets reach all nodes.
+
+@item direct
+Broadcast packets are sent directly to all nodes that can be reached directly.
+Broadcast packets received from other nodes are never forwarded.
+If the IndirectData option is also set, broadcast packets will only be sent to nodes which we have a meta connection to.
+@end table
+
+@cindex ConnectTo
+@item ConnectTo = <@var{name}>
+Specifies which other tinc daemon to connect to on startup.
+Multiple ConnectTo variables may be specified,
+in which case outgoing connections to each specified tinc daemon are made.
+The names should be known to this tinc daemon
+(i.e., there should be a host configuration file for the name on the ConnectTo line).
+
+If you don't specify a host with ConnectTo,
+tinc won't try to connect to other daemons at all,
+and will instead just listen for incoming connections.
+
+@cindex DecrementTTL
+@item DecrementTTL = <yes | no> (no) [experimental]
+When enabled, tinc will decrement the Time To Live field in IPv4 packets, or the Hop Limit field in IPv6 packets,
+before forwarding a received packet to the virtual network device or to another node,
+and will drop packets that have a TTL value of zero,
+in which case it will send an ICMP Time Exceeded packet back.
+
+Do not use this option if you use switch mode and want to use IPv6.
+
+@cindex Device
+@item Device = <@var{device}> (@file{/dev/tap0}, @file{/dev/net/tun} or other depending on platform)
+The virtual network device to use.
+Tinc will automatically detect what kind of device it is.
+Note that you can only use one device per daemon.
+Under Windows, use @var{Interface} instead of @var{Device}.
+Note that you can only use one device per daemon.
+See also @ref{Device files}.
+
+@cindex DeviceType
+@item DeviceType = <@var{type}> (platform dependent)
+The type of the virtual network device.
+Tinc will normally automatically select the right type of tun/tap interface, and this option should not be used.
+However, this option can be used to select one of the special interface types, if support for them is compiled in.
+
+@table @asis
+@cindex dummy
+@item dummy
+Use a dummy interface.
+No packets are ever read or written to a virtual network device.
+Useful for testing, or when setting up a node that only forwards packets for other nodes.
+
+@cindex raw_socket
+@item raw_socket
+Open a raw socket, and bind it to a pre-existing
+@var{Interface} (eth0 by default).
+All packets are read from this interface.
+Packets received for the local node are written to the raw socket.
+However, at least on Linux, the operating system does not process IP packets destined for the local host.
+
+@cindex multicast
+@item multicast
+Open a multicast UDP socket and bind it to the address and port (separated by spaces) and optionally a TTL value specified using @var{Device}.
+Packets are read from and written to this multicast socket.
+This can be used to connect to UML, QEMU or KVM instances listening on the same multicast address.
+Do NOT connect multiple tinc daemons to the same multicast address, this will very likely cause routing loops.
+Also note that this can cause decrypted VPN packets to be sent out on a real network if misconfigured.
+
+@cindex UML
+@item uml (not compiled in by default)
+Create a UNIX socket with the filename specified by
+@var{Device}, or @file{@value{localstatedir}/run/@var{netname}.umlsocket}
+if not specified.
+Tinc will wait for a User Mode Linux instance to connect to this socket.
+
+@cindex VDE
+@item vde (not compiled in by default)
+Uses the libvdeplug library to connect to a Virtual Distributed Ethernet switch,
+using the UNIX socket specified by
+@var{Device}, or @file{@value{localstatedir}/run/vde.ctl}
+if not specified.
+@end table
+
+Also, in case tinc does not seem to correctly interpret packets received from the virtual network device,
+it can be used to change the way packets are interpreted:
+
+@table @asis
+@item tun (BSD and Linux)
+Set type to tun.
+Depending on the platform, this can either be with or without an address family header (see below).
+
+@cindex tunnohead
+@item tunnohead (BSD)
+Set type to tun without an address family header.
+Tinc will expect packets read from the virtual network device to start with an IP header.
+On some platforms IPv6 packets cannot be read from or written to the device in this mode.
+
+@cindex tunifhead
+@item tunifhead (BSD)
+Set type to tun with an address family header.
+Tinc will expect packets read from the virtual network device
+to start with a four byte header containing the address family,
+followed by an IP header.
+This mode should support both IPv4 and IPv6 packets.
+
+@item tap (BSD and Linux)
+Set type to tap.
+Tinc will expect packets read from the virtual network device
+to start with an Ethernet header.
+@end table
+
+@cindex DirectOnly
+@item DirectOnly = <yes|no> (no) [experimental]
+When this option is enabled, packets that cannot be sent directly to the destination node,
+but which would have to be forwarded by an intermediate node, are dropped instead.
+When combined with the IndirectData option,
+packets for nodes for which we do not have a meta connection with are also dropped.
+
+@cindex Forwarding
+@item Forwarding = <off|internal|kernel> (internal) [experimental]
+This option selects the way indirect packets are forwarded.
+
+@table @asis
+@item off
+Incoming packets that are not meant for the local node,
+but which should be forwarded to another node, are dropped.
+
+@item internal
+Incoming packets that are meant for another node are forwarded by tinc internally.
-If you don't specify a host with ConnectTo, regardless of whether a
-value for ConnectPort is given, tinc won't connect at all, and will
-instead just listen for incoming connections.
+This is the default mode, and unless you really know you need another forwarding mode, don't change it.
+@item kernel
+Incoming packets are always sent to the TUN/TAP device, even if the packets are not for the local node.
+This is less efficient, but allows the kernel to apply its routing and firewall rules on them,
+and can also help debugging.
+@end table
+
+@cindex GraphDumpFile
+@item GraphDumpFile = <@var{filename}> [experimental]
+If this option is present,
+tinc will dump the current network graph to the file @var{filename}
+every minute, unless there were no changes to the graph.
+The file is in a format that can be read by graphviz tools.
+If @var{filename} starts with a pipe symbol |,
+then the rest of the filename is interpreted as a shell command
+that is executed, the graph is then sent to stdin.
+
+@cindex Hostnames
@item Hostnames = <yes|no> (no)
This option selects whether IP addresses (both real and on the VPN)
should be resolved. Since DNS lookups are blocking, it might affect
This does not affect resolving hostnames to IP addresses from the
configuration file.
-@item Interface = <device>
-If you have more than one network interface in your computer, tinc will
-by default listen on all of them for incoming connections. It is
-possible to bind tinc to a single interface like eth0 or ppp0 with this
-variable.
+@cindex Interface
+@item Interface = <@var{interface}>
+Defines the name of the interface corresponding to the virtual network device.
+Depending on the operating system and the type of device this may or may not actually set the name of the interface.
+Under Windows, this variable is used to select which network interface will be used.
+If you specified a Device, this variable is almost always already correctly set.
+
+@cindex LocalDiscovery
+@item LocalDiscovery = <yes | no> (no) [experimental]
+When enabled, tinc will try to detect peers that are on the same local network.
+This will allow direct communication using LAN addresses, even if both peers are behind a NAT
+and they only ConnectTo a third node outside the NAT,
+which normally would prevent the peers from learning each other's LAN address.
-@item InterfaceIP = <local address>
-If your computer has more than one IP address on a single interface (for
-example if you are running virtual hosts), tinc will by default listen
-on all of them for incoming connections. It is possible to bind tinc to
-a single IP address with this variable. It is still possible to listen
-on several interfaces at the same time though, if they share the same IP
-address.
+Currently, local discovery is implemented by sending broadcast packets to the LAN during path MTU discovery.
+This feature may not work in all possible situations.
-@item KeyExpire = <seconds> (3600)
+@cindex Mode
+@item Mode = <router|switch|hub> (router)
+This option selects the way packets are routed to other daemons.
+
+@table @asis
+@cindex router
+@item router
+In this mode Subnet
+variables in the host configuration files will be used to form a routing table.
+Only unicast packets of routable protocols (IPv4 and IPv6) are supported in this mode.
+
+This is the default mode, and unless you really know you need another mode, don't change it.
+
+@cindex switch
+@item switch
+In this mode the MAC addresses of the packets on the VPN will be used to
+dynamically create a routing table just like an Ethernet switch does.
+Unicast, multicast and broadcast packets of every protocol that runs over Ethernet are supported in this mode
+at the cost of frequent broadcast ARP requests and routing table updates.
+
+This mode is primarily useful if you want to bridge Ethernet segments.
+
+@cindex hub
+@item hub
+This mode is almost the same as the switch mode, but instead
+every packet will be broadcast to the other daemons
+while no routing table is managed.
+@end table
+
+@cindex KeyExpire
+@item KeyExpire = <@var{seconds}> (3600)
This option controls the time the encryption keys used to encrypt the data
are valid. It is common practice to change keys at regular intervals to
make it even harder for crackers, even though it is thought to be nearly
impossible to crack a single key.
-@item ListenPort = <port> (655)
-Listen on local port port. The computer connecting to this daemon should
-use this number as the argument for his ConnectPort.
+@cindex MACExpire
+@item MACExpire = <@var{seconds}> (600)
+This option controls the amount of time MAC addresses are kept before they are removed.
+This only has effect when Mode is set to "switch".
-@item MyOwnVPNIP = <local address[/maskbits]> (required)
-The local address is the number that the daemon will propagate to
-other daemons on the network when it is identifying itself. Hence this
-will be the file name of the passphrase file that the other end expects
-to find the passphrase in.
+@cindex Name
+@item Name = <@var{name}> [required]
+This is a symbolic name for this connection.
+The name should consist only of alfanumeric and underscore characters (a-z, A-Z, 0-9 and _).
-The local address is the IP address of the tap device, not the real IP
-address of the host running tincd. Due to changes in recent kernels, it
-is also necessary that you make the ethernet (also known as MAC) address
-equal to the IP address (see the example).
+If Name starts with a $, then the contents of the environment variable that follows will be used.
+In that case, invalid characters will be converted to underscores.
+If Name is $HOST, but no such environment variable exist,
+the hostname will be read using the gethostnname() system call.
-maskbits is the number of bits set to 1 in the netmask part.
-
-@item MyVirtualIP = <local address[/maskbits]>
-This is an alias for MyOwnVPNIP.
+@cindex PingInterval
+@item PingInterval = <@var{seconds}> (60)
+The number of seconds of inactivity that tinc will wait before sending a
+probe to the other end.
-@item @strong{Name = <name>}
-This is a symbolic name for this connection. It can be anything
+@cindex PingTimeout
+@item PingTimeout = <@var{seconds}> (5)
+The number of seconds to wait for a response to pings or to allow meta
+connections to block. If the other end doesn't respond within this time,
+the connection is terminated, and the others will be notified of this.
-@item PingTimeout = <seconds> (5)
-The number of seconds of inactivity that tinc will wait before sending a
-probe to the other end. If that other end doesn't answer within that
-same amount of seconds, the connection is terminated, and the others
-will be notified of this.
+@cindex PriorityInheritance
+@item PriorityInheritance = <yes|no> (no) [experimental]
+When this option is enabled the value of the TOS field of tunneled IPv4 packets
+will be inherited by the UDP packets that are sent out.
-@item @strong{PrivateKey = <key>}
+@cindex PrivateKey
+@item PrivateKey = <@var{key}> [obsolete]
This is the RSA private key for tinc. However, for safety reasons it is
advised to store private keys of any kind in separate files. This prevents
accidental eavesdropping if you are editting the configuration file.
-@item PrivateKeyFile = <path>
+@cindex PrivateKeyFile
+@item PrivateKeyFile = <@var{path}> (@file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/rsa_key.priv})
This is the full path name of the RSA private key file that was
-generated by ``tincd --generate-keys''. It must be a full path, not a
+generated by @samp{tincd --generate-keys}. It must be a full path, not a
relative directory.
-@item PublicKey = <key>
-This is the full path name of the RSA public key file that was generated
-by ``tincd --generate-keys''. It must be a full path, not a relative
-directory. (NOTE: In version 1.0pre3, this variable was used to give
-the key inline. This is no longer supported.)
-
-@item Subnet = <IP address/maskbits>
-This is the subnet range of all IP addresses that will be accepted by
-the host that defines it. Please be careful that no two subnets
-overlap. Every host @strong{must} have a different range of IP
-addresses that it can handle, otherwise you will see messages like
-`packet comes back to us'.
-
-@item TapDevice = <device> (/dev/tap0)
-The ethertap device to use. Note that you can only use one device per
-daemon. The info pages of the tinc package contain more information
-about configuring an ethertap device for Linux.
-
-@item TCPonly = <yes|no> (no, experimental)
-If this variable is set to yes, then the packets are tunnelled over a TCP
-connection instead of a UDP connection. This is especially useful for those
-who want to run a tinc daemon from behind a masquerading firewall, or if
-UDP packet routing is disabled somehow. This is experimental code,
-try this at your own risk.
-
-@item VpnMask = <mask> (optional)
-The mask that defines the scope of the entire VPN. This option is not used
-by the tinc daemon itself, but can be used by startup scripts to configure
-the ethertap devices correctly.
+Note that there must be exactly one of PrivateKey
+or PrivateKeyFile
+specified in the configuration file.
+
+@cindex ProcessPriority
+@item ProcessPriority = <low|normal|high>
+When this option is used the priority of the tincd process will be adjusted.
+Increasing the priority may help to reduce latency and packet loss on the VPN.
+
+@cindex Proxy
+@item Proxy = <@var{type}> <@var{address}> <@var{port}> [<@var{username}>] [experimental]
+Use the proxy at the given @var{address} and @var{port} when making outgoing connections.
+The following proxy types are currently supported:
+
+@table @asis
+@cindex socks4
+@item socks4
+Connects to the proxy using the SOCKS version 4 protocol.
+Optionally, a @var{username} can be supplied which will be passed on to the proxy server.
+
+@cindex http
+@item http
+Connects to the proxy and sends a HTTP CONNECT request.
+@end table
+
+No authentication methods are currently supported.
+
+
+@cindex ReplayWindow
+@item ReplayWindow = <bytes> (16)
+This is the size of the replay tracking window for each remote node, in bytes.
+The window is a bitfield which tracks 1 packet per bit, so for example
+the default setting of 16 will track up to 128 packets in the window. In high
+bandwidth scenarios, setting this to a higher value can reduce packet loss from
+the interaction of replay tracking with underlying real packet loss and/or
+reordering. Setting this to zero will disable replay tracking completely and
+pass all traffic, but leaves tinc vulnerable to replay-based attacks on your
+traffic.
+
+
+@cindex StrictSubnets
+@item StrictSubnets <yes|no> (no) [experimental]
+When this option is enabled tinc will only use Subnet statements which are
+present in the host config files in the local
+@file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/hosts/} directory.
+
+@cindex TunnelServer
+@item TunnelServer = <yes|no> (no) [experimental]
+When this option is enabled tinc will no longer forward information between other tinc daemons,
+and will only allow connections with nodes for which host config files are present in the local
+@file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/hosts/} directory.
+Setting this options also implicitly sets StrictSubnets.
+
+@cindex UDPRcvBuf
+@item UDPRcvBuf = <bytes> (OS default)
+Sets the socket receive buffer size for the UDP socket, in bytes.
+If unset, the default buffer size will be used by the operating system.
+
+@cindex UDPSndBuf
+@item UDPSndBuf = <bytes> Pq OS default
+Sets the socket send buffer size for the UDP socket, in bytes.
+If unset, the default buffer size will be used by the operating system.
+
@end table
@c ==================================================================
-@node Host configuration variables, How to configure, Main configuration variables, Configuration file
+@node Host configuration variables
@subsection Host configuration variables
@table @asis
-@item @strong{Address = <IP address|hostname>}
+@cindex Address
+@item Address = <@var{IP address}|@var{hostname}> [<port>] [recommended]
This variable is only required if you want to connect to this host. It
must resolve to the external IP address where the host can be reached,
not the one that is internal to the VPN.
-
+If no port is specified, the default Port is used.
+
+@cindex Cipher
+@item Cipher = <@var{cipher}> (blowfish)
+The symmetric cipher algorithm used to encrypt UDP packets.
+Any cipher supported by OpenSSL is recognized.
+Furthermore, specifying "none" will turn off packet encryption.
+It is best to use only those ciphers which support CBC mode.
+
+@cindex ClampMSS
+@item ClampMSS = <yes|no> (yes)
+This option specifies whether tinc should clamp the maximum segment size (MSS)
+of TCP packets to the path MTU. This helps in situations where ICMP
+Fragmentation Needed or Packet too Big messages are dropped by firewalls.
+
+@cindex Compression
+@item Compression = <@var{level}> (0)
+This option sets the level of compression used for UDP packets.
+Possible values are 0 (off), 1 (fast zlib) and any integer up to 9 (best zlib),
+10 (fast lzo) and 11 (best lzo).
+
+@cindex Digest
+@item Digest = <@var{digest}> (sha1)
+The digest algorithm used to authenticate UDP packets.
+Any digest supported by OpenSSL is recognized.
+Furthermore, specifying "none" will turn off packet authentication.
+
+@cindex IndirectData
@item IndirectData = <yes|no> (no)
This option specifies whether other tinc daemons besides the one you
specified with ConnectTo can make a direct connection to you. This is
make a connection from the outside to your tinc daemon. Otherwise, it
is best to leave this option out or set it to no.
-@item Port = <port> (655)
-Connect to the upstream host (given with the ConnectTo directive) on
-port port. port may be given in decimal (default), octal (when preceded
-by a single zero) o hexadecimal (prefixed with 0x). port is the port
-number for both the UDP and the TCP (meta) connections.
+@cindex MACLength
+@item MACLength = <@var{bytes}> (4)
+The length of the message authentication code used to authenticate UDP packets.
+Can be anything from 0
+up to the length of the digest produced by the digest algorithm.
+
+@cindex PMTU
+@item PMTU = <@var{mtu}> (1514)
+This option controls the initial path MTU to this node.
+
+@cindex PMTUDiscovery
+@item PMTUDiscovery = <yes|no> (yes)
+When this option is enabled, tinc will try to discover the path MTU to this node.
+After the path MTU has been discovered, it will be enforced on the VPN.
+
+@cindex Port
+@item Port = <@var{port}> (655)
+This is the port this tinc daemon listens on.
+You can use decimal portnumbers or symbolic names (as listed in @file{/etc/services}).
-@item PublicKey = <key>
+@cindex PublicKey
+@item PublicKey = <@var{key}> [obsolete]
This is the RSA public key for this host.
-@item PublicKeyFile = <path>
+@cindex PublicKeyFile
+@item PublicKeyFile = <@var{path}> [obsolete]
This is the full path name of the RSA public key file that was generated
-by ``tincd --generate-keys''. It must be a full path, not a relative
+by @samp{tincd --generate-keys}. It must be a full path, not a relative
directory.
-Note that exactly @strong{one of the above two options} must be specified
+@cindex PEM format
+From version 1.0pre4 on tinc will store the public key directly into the
+host configuration file in PEM format, the above two options then are not
+necessary. Either the PEM format is used, or exactly
+@strong{one of the above two options} must be specified
in each host configuration file, if you want to be able to establish a
connection with that host.
-@item Subnet = <IP address/maskbits>
-This is the subnet range of all IP addresses that will be accepted by
-the host that defines it.
-
-The range must be contained in the IP address range of the tap device,
-not the real IP address of the host running tincd.
-
-maskbits is the number of bits set to 1 in the netmask part; for
+@cindex Subnet
+@item Subnet = <@var{address}[/@var{prefixlength}[#@var{weight}]]>
+The subnet which this tinc daemon will serve.
+Tinc tries to look up which other daemon it should send a packet to by searching the appropiate subnet.
+If the packet matches a subnet,
+it will be sent to the daemon who has this subnet in his host configuration file.
+Multiple subnet lines can be specified for each daemon.
+
+Subnets can either be single MAC, IPv4 or IPv6 addresses,
+in which case a subnet consisting of only that single address is assumed,
+or they can be a IPv4 or IPv6 network address with a prefixlength.
+For example, IPv4 subnets must be in a form like 192.168.1.0/24,
+where 192.168.1.0 is the network address and 24 is the number of bits set in the netmask.
+Note that subnets like 192.168.1.1/24 are invalid!
+Read a networking HOWTO/FAQ/guide if you don't understand this.
+IPv6 subnets are notated like fec0:0:0:1::/64.
+MAC addresses are notated like 0:1a:2b:3c:4d:5e.
+
+@cindex CIDR notation
+Prefixlength is the number of bits set to 1 in the netmask part; for
example: netmask 255.255.255.0 would become /24, 255.255.252.0 becomes
/22. This conforms to standard CIDR notation as described in
@uref{ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1519.txt, RFC1519}
-@item TCPonly = <yes|no> (no)
+@cindex Subnet weight
+A Subnet can be given a weight to indicate its priority over identical Subnets
+owned by different nodes. The default weight is 10. Lower values indicate
+higher priority. Packets will be sent to the node with the highest priority,
+unless that node is not reachable, in which case the node with the next highest
+priority will be tried, and so on.
+
+@cindex TCPonly
+@item TCPonly = <yes|no> (no) [deprecated]
If this variable is set to yes, then the packets are tunnelled over a
TCP connection instead of a UDP connection. This is especially useful
for those who want to run a tinc daemon from behind a masquerading
-firewall, or if UDP packet routing is disabled somehow. @emph{This is
-experimental code, try this at your own risk. It may not work at all.}
+firewall, or if UDP packet routing is disabled somehow.
+Setting this options also implicitly sets IndirectData.
+
+Since version 1.0.10, tinc will automatically detect whether communication via
+UDP is possible or not.
@end table
@c ==================================================================
-@node How to configure, , Host configuration variables, Configuration file
-@subsection How to configure
+@node Scripts
+@subsection Scripts
+
+@cindex scripts
+Apart from reading the server and host configuration files,
+tinc can also run scripts at certain moments.
+Under Windows (not Cygwin), the scripts should have the extension .bat.
+
+@table @file
+@cindex tinc-up
+@item @value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/tinc-up
+This is the most important script.
+If it is present it will be executed right after the tinc daemon has been
+started and has connected to the virtual network device.
+It should be used to set up the corresponding network interface,
+but can also be used to start other things.
+Under Windows you can use the Network Connections control panel instead of creating this script.
+
+@cindex tinc-down
+@item @value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/tinc-down
+This script is started right before the tinc daemon quits.
+
+@item @value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/hosts/@var{host}-up
+This script is started when the tinc daemon with name @var{host} becomes reachable.
+
+@item @value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/hosts/@var{host}-down
+This script is started when the tinc daemon with name @var{host} becomes unreachable.
+
+@item @value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/host-up
+This script is started when any host becomes reachable.
+
+@item @value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/host-down
+This script is started when any host becomes unreachable.
+
+@item @value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/subnet-up
+This script is started when a Subnet becomes reachable.
+The Subnet and the node it belongs to are passed in environment variables.
+
+@item @value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/subnet-down
+This script is started when a Subnet becomes unreachable.
+@end table
-@subsubheading Step 1. Creating the key files
+@cindex environment variables
+The scripts are started without command line arguments,
+but can make use of certain environment variables.
+Under UNIX like operating systems the names of environment variables must be preceded by a $ in scripts.
+Under Windows, in @file{.bat} files, they have to be put between % signs.
-For each host, you have to create a pair of RSA keys. One key is your
-private key, which is only known to you. The other one is the public
-key, which you should copy to all hosts wanting to authenticate to you.
+@table @env
+@cindex NETNAME
+@item NETNAME
+If a netname was specified, this environment variable contains it.
+@cindex NAME
+@item NAME
+Contains the name of this tinc daemon.
-@subsubheading Step 2. Configuring each host
+@cindex DEVICE
+@item DEVICE
+Contains the name of the virtual network device that tinc uses.
-For every host in the VPN, you have to create two files. First there is
-the main configuration file, @file{/etc/tinc/vpn-name/tinc.conf}. In
-this file there should at least be three directives:
+@cindex INTERFACE
+@item INTERFACE
+Contains the name of the virtual network interface that tinc uses.
+This should be used for commands like ifconfig.
-@table @samp
-@item Name
-You should fill in the name of this host (or rather, the name of this
-leaf of the VPN). It can be called after the hostname, the physical
-location, the department, or the name of one of your boss' pets. It can
-be anything, as long as all these names are unique across the entire
-VPN.
-
-@item PrivateKey
-Fill in the full pathname to the file that contains the private RSA key.
-
-@item ConnectTo
-This is the name of the host that you want to connect to (not a DNS
-name, rather the name that is given with the Name parameter in that
-hosts tinc.conf). This is the upstream connection. If your computer is
-a central node, you might want to leave this out to make it stay idle
-until someone connects to it.
-@end table
+@cindex NODE
+@item NODE
+When a host becomes (un)reachable, this is set to its name.
+If a subnet becomes (un)reachable, this is set to the owner of that subnet.
-@cindex host configuration file
-Then you should create a file with the name you gave yourself in
-tinc.conf (the `Name' parameter), located in
-@file{/etc/tinc/vpn-name/hosts/}. In this file, which we call the
-`@emph{host configuration file}', only one variable is required:
+@cindex REMOTEADDRESS
+@item REMOTEADDRESS
+When a host becomes (un)reachable, this is set to its real address.
+
+@cindex REMOTEPORT
+@item REMOTEPORT
+When a host becomes (un)reachable,
+this is set to the port number it uses for communication with other tinc daemons.
+
+@cindex SUBNET
+@item SUBNET
+When a subnet becomes (un)reachable, this is set to the subnet.
+
+@cindex WEIGHT
+@item WEIGHT
+When a subnet becomes (un)reachable, this is set to the subnet weight.
-@table @samp
-@item Subnet
-The IP range that this host accepts as being `local'. All packets with
-a destination address that is within this subnet will be sent to us.
@end table
-@subsubheading Step 3. Bringing it all together
+@c ==================================================================
+@node How to configure
+@subsection How to configure
-Now for all hosts that you want to create a direct connection to, -- you
-connect to them or they connect to you -- you get a copy of their host
-configuration file and their public RSA key.
+@subsubheading Step 1. Creating the main configuration file
-For each host configuration file, you add two variables:
+The main configuration file will be called @file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/tinc.conf}.
+Adapt the following example to create a basic configuration file:
-@table @samp
-@item Address
-Enter the IP address or DNS hostname for this host. This is only needed
-if you connect to this host.
+@example
+Name = @var{yourname}
+Device = @file{/dev/tap0}
+@end example
-@item PublicKey
-Put the full pathname to this hosts public RSA key here.
-@end table
+Then, if you know to which other tinc daemon(s) yours is going to connect,
+add `ConnectTo' values.
+
+@subsubheading Step 2. Creating your host configuration file
-When you did this, you should be ready to create your first connection.
-Pay attention to the system log, most errors will only be visible
-there. If you get an error, you can check @ref{Error messages}.
+If you added a line containing `Name = yourname' in the main configuarion file,
+you will need to create a host configuration file @file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/hosts/yourname}.
+Adapt the following example to create a host configuration file:
+
+@example
+Address = your.real.hostname.org
+Subnet = 192.168.1.0/24
+@end example
+
+You can also use an IP address instead of a hostname.
+The `Subnet' specifies the address range that is local for @emph{your part of the VPN only}.
+If you have multiple address ranges you can specify more than one `Subnet'.
+You might also need to add a `Port' if you want your tinc daemon to run on a different port number than the default (655).
@c ==================================================================
-@node Example, , Configuration file, Configuring tinc
-@section Example
+@node Generating keypairs
+@section Generating keypairs
+
+@cindex key generation
+Now that you have already created the main configuration file and your host configuration file,
+you can easily create a public/private keypair by entering the following command:
+
+@example
+tincd -n @var{netname} -K
+@end example
+
+Tinc will generate a public and a private key and ask you where to put them.
+Just press enter to accept the defaults.
+
+
+@c ==================================================================
+@node Network interfaces
+@section Network interfaces
+
+Before tinc can start transmitting data over the tunnel, it must
+set up the virtual network interface.
+
+First, decide which IP addresses you want to have associated with these
+devices, and what network mask they must have.
+
+Tinc will open a virtual network device (@file{/dev/tun}, @file{/dev/tap0} or similar),
+which will also create a network interface called something like @samp{tun0}, @samp{tap0}.
+If you are using the Linux tun/tap driver, the network interface will by default have the same name as the @var{netname}.
+Under Windows you can change the name of the network interface from the Network Connections control panel.
+
+@cindex tinc-up
+You can configure the network interface by putting ordinary ifconfig, route, and other commands
+to a script named @file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/tinc-up}.
+When tinc starts, this script will be executed. When tinc exits, it will execute the script named
+@file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/tinc-down}, but normally you don't need to create that script.
+
+An example @file{tinc-up} script:
+
+@example
+#!/bin/sh
+ifconfig $INTERFACE 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.0.0
+@end example
+
+This script gives the interface an IP address and a netmask.
+The kernel will also automatically add a route to this interface, so normally you don't need
+to add route commands to the @file{tinc-up} script.
+The kernel will also bring the interface up after this command.
+@cindex netmask
+The netmask is the mask of the @emph{entire} VPN network, not just your
+own subnet.
+
+The exact syntax of the ifconfig and route commands differs from platform to platform.
+You can look up the commands for setting addresses and adding routes in @ref{Platform specific information},
+but it is best to consult the manpages of those utilities on your platform.
+
+
+@c ==================================================================
+@node Example configuration
+@section Example configuration
@cindex example
-Imagine the following situation. An A-based company wants to connect
-three branch offices in B, C and D using the internet. All four offices
-have a 24/7 connection to the internet.
+Imagine the following situation. Branch A of our example `company' wants to connect
+three branch offices in B, C and D using the Internet. All four offices
+have a 24/7 connection to the Internet.
A is going to serve as the center of the network. B and C will connect
to A, and D will connect to C. Each office will be assigned their own IP
D: net 10.4.0.0 mask 255.255.0.0 gateway 10.4.3.32 internet IP 4.5.6.7
@end example
-``gateway'' is the VPN IP address of the machine that is running the
-tincd. ``internet IP'' is the IP address of the firewall, which does not
-need to run tincd, but it must do a port forwarding of TCP&UDP on port
+Here, ``gateway'' is the VPN IP address of the machine that is running the
+tincd, and ``internet IP'' is the IP address of the firewall, which does not
+need to run tincd, but it must do a port forwarding of TCP and UDP on port
655 (unless otherwise configured).
In this example, it is assumed that eth0 is the interface that points to
the inner (physical) LAN of the office, although this could also be the
-same as the interface that leads to the internet. The configuration of
+same as the interface that leads to the Internet. The configuration of
the real interface is also shown as a comment, to give you an idea of
-how these example host is set up.
+how these example host is set up. All branches use the netname `company'
+for this particular VPN.
+
+@subsubheading For Branch A
-@subsubheading For A
+@emph{BranchA} would be configured like this:
-@emph{A} would be configured like this:
+In @file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/company/tinc-up}:
@example
-#ifconfig eth0 10.1.54.1 netmask 255.255.0.0 broadcast 10.1.255.255
-ifconfig tap0 hw ether fe:fd:00:00:00:00
-ifconfig tap0 10.1.54.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
+# Real interface of internal network:
+# ifconfig eth0 10.1.54.1 netmask 255.255.0.0
+
+ifconfig $INTERFACE 10.1.54.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
@end example
-and in /etc/tinc/tinc.conf:
+and in @file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/company/tinc.conf}:
@example
-Name = A
-PrivateKey = /etc/tinc/A.priv
-VpnMask = 255.0.0.0
+Name = BranchA
+Device = /dev/tap0
@end example
-On all hosts, /etc/tinc/hosts/A contains:
+On all hosts, @file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/company/hosts/BranchA} contains:
@example
Subnet = 10.1.0.0/16
Address = 1.2.3.4
-PublicKey = /etc/tinc/hosts/A.pub
+
+-----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
+...
+-----END RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
@end example
+Note that the IP addresses of eth0 and tap0 are the same.
+This is quite possible, if you make sure that the netmasks of the interfaces are different.
+It is in fact recommended to give both real internal network interfaces and tap interfaces the same IP address,
+since that will make things a lot easier to remember and set up.
+
+
+@subsubheading For Branch B
-@subsubheading For B
+In @file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/company/tinc-up}:
@example
-#ifconfig eth0 10.2.43.8 netmask 255.255.0.0 broadcast 10.2.255.255
-ifconfig tap0 hw ether fe:fd:00:00:00:00
-ifconfig tap0 10.2.1.12 netmask 255.0.0.0
+# Real interface of internal network:
+# ifconfig eth0 10.2.43.8 netmask 255.255.0.0
+
+ifconfig $INTERFACE 10.2.1.12 netmask 255.0.0.0
@end example
-and in /etc/tinc/tinc.conf:
+and in @file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/company/tinc.conf}:
@example
-Name = B
-ConnectTo = A
-PrivateKey = /etc/tinc/B.priv
-VpnMask = 255.0.0.0
+Name = BranchB
+ConnectTo = BranchA
@end example
Note here that the internal address (on eth0) doesn't have to be the
-same as on the tap0 device. Also, ConnectTo is given so that no-one can
-connect to this node.
+same as on the tap0 device. Also, ConnectTo is given so that this node will
+always try to connect to BranchA.
-On all hosts, /etc/tinc/hosts/B:
+On all hosts, in @file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/company/hosts/BranchB}:
@example
Subnet = 10.2.0.0/16
Address = 2.3.4.5
-PublicKey = /etc/tinc/hosts/B.pub
+
+-----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
+...
+-----END RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
@end example
-@subsubheading For C
+@subsubheading For Branch C
+
+In @file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/company/tinc-up}:
@example
-#ifconfig eth0 10.3.69.254 netmask 255.255.0.0 broadcast 10.3.255.255
-ifconfig tap0 hw ether fe:fd:00:00:00:00
-ifconfig tap0 10.3.69.254 netmask 255.0.0.0
+# Real interface of internal network:
+# ifconfig eth0 10.3.69.254 netmask 255.255.0.0
+
+ifconfig $INTERFACE 10.3.69.254 netmask 255.0.0.0
@end example
-and in /etc/tinc/A/tinc.conf:
+and in @file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/company/tinc.conf}:
@example
-Name = C
-ConnectTo = A
-TapDevice = /dev/tap1
-VpnMask = 255.0.0.0
+Name = BranchC
+ConnectTo = BranchA
+Device = /dev/tap1
@end example
C already has another daemon that runs on port 655, so they have to
-reserve another port for tinc. It can connect to other tinc daemons on
-the regular port though, so no ConnectPort variable is needed. They
-also use the netname to distinguish between the two. tinc is started
-with `tincd -n A'.
+reserve another port for tinc. It knows the portnumber it has to listen on
+from it's own host configuration file.
-On all hosts, /etc/tinc/hosts/C:
+On all hosts, in @file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/company/hosts/BranchC}:
@example
+Address = 3.4.5.6
Subnet = 10.3.0.0/16
Port = 2000
-PublicKey = /etc/tinc/hosts/C.pub
+
+-----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
+...
+-----END RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
@end example
-@subsubheading For D
+@subsubheading For Branch D
+
+In @file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/company/tinc-up}:
@example
-#ifconfig tap0 10.4.3.32 netmask 255.255.0.0 broadcast 10.4.255.255
-ifconfig tap0 hw ether fe:fd:0a:04:03:20
-ifconfig tap0 10.4.3.32 netmask 255.0.0.0
+# Real interface of internal network:
+# ifconfig eth0 10.4.3.32 netmask 255.255.0.0
+
+ifconfig $INTERFACE 10.4.3.32 netmask 255.0.0.0
@end example
-and in /etc/tinc/tinc.conf:
+and in @file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/company/tinc.conf}:
@example
-MyVirtualIP = 10.4.3.32/16
-ConnectTo = 3.4.5.6
-ConnectPort = 2000
-VpnMask=255.0.0.0
+Name = BranchD
+ConnectTo = BranchC
+Device = /dev/net/tun
@end example
D will be connecting to C, which has a tincd running for this network on
-port 2000. Hence they need to put in a ConnectPort, but it doesn't need
-to have a different ListenPort.
+port 2000. It knows the port number from the host configuration file.
+Also note that since D uses the tun/tap driver, the network interface
+will not be called `tun' or `tap0' or something like that, but will
+have the same name as netname.
-@subsubheading Key files
-
-A, B, C and D all have generate a public key with tincd -K, the output is
-stored in /etc/tinc/hosts/X.pub (where X is A, B or D), except for C,
-who stored it in /etc/tinc/A/hosts/C.pub.
+On all hosts, in @file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/company/hosts/BranchD}:
-A stores a copy of B's public key in /etc/tinc/hosts/B.pub
+@example
+Subnet = 10.4.0.0/16
+Address = 4.5.6.7
-A stores a copy of C's public key in /etc/tinc/hosts/C.pub
+-----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
+...
+-----END RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
+@end example
-B stores a copy of A's public key in /etc/tinc/hosts/A.pub
+@subsubheading Key files
-C stores a copy of A's public key in /etc/tinc/A/hosts/A.pub
+A, B, C and D all have generated a public/private keypair with the following command:
-C stores a copy of D's public key in /etc/tinc/A/hosts/D.pub
+@example
+tincd -n company -K
+@end example
-D stores a copy of C's public key in /etc/tinc/hosts/C.pub
+The private key is stored in @file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/company/rsa_key.priv},
+the public key is put into the host configuration file in the @file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/company/hosts/} directory.
+During key generation, tinc automatically guesses the right filenames based on the -n option and
+the Name directive in the @file{tinc.conf} file (if it is available).
@subsubheading Starting
-A has to start their tincd first. Then come B and C, where C has to
-provide the option `-n A', because they have more than one tinc
-network. Finally, D's tincd is started.
-
+After each branch has finished configuration and they have distributed
+the host configuration files amongst them, they can start their tinc daemons.
+They don't necessarily have to wait for the other branches to have started
+their daemons, tinc will try connecting until they are available.
@c ==================================================================
-@node Running tinc, Technical information, Configuring tinc, Top
+@node Running tinc
@chapter Running tinc
-Running tinc isn't just as easy as typing `tincd' and hoping everything
-will just work out the way you wanted. Instead, the use of tinc is a
-project that involves trust relations and more than one computer.
-
-@menu
-* Managing keys::
-* Runtime options::
-* Error messages::
-@end menu
-
-
-@c ==================================================================
-@node Managing keys, Runtime options, Running tinc, Running tinc
-@section Managing keys
-
-Before attempting to start tinc, you have to create public/private keypairs.
-When tinc tries to make a connection, it exchanges some sensitive
-data. Before doing so, it likes to know if the other end is
-trustworthy.
+If everything else is done, you can start tinc by typing the following command:
-To do this, both ends must have some knowledge about the other. In the
-case of tinc this is the public keys.
-
-To generate a public/private keypair, run `tincd -n vpn-name -K<bits>'.
-<bits> is optional, you can use it to specify the length of the keys.
-The length of the public/private keypairs
-should be at least 1024 for reasonable security (reasonable being good enough
-to keep the NSA busy for a few weeks).
+@example
+tincd -n @var{netname}
+@end example
-Every computer that wants to participate in the VPN should do this. The
-public keyfile should get the name of each tinc daemon and an extension .pub,
-and it should be stored in the hosts directory.
+@cindex daemon
+Tinc will detach from the terminal and continue to run in the background like a good daemon.
+If there are any problems however you can try to increase the debug level
+and look in the syslog to find out what the problems are.
-When every computer has his own keys and configuration files, the files in the
-hosts directory should be exchanged with each other computer that it wants to
-talk to directly. Since only public keys are involved, you can safely do this
-via email, telnet or ftp, or even putting the contents on a public billboard.
+@menu
+* Runtime options::
+* Signals::
+* Debug levels::
+* Solving problems::
+* Error messages::
+* Sending bug reports::
+@end menu
@c ==================================================================
-@node Runtime options, Error messages, Managing keys, Running tinc
+@node Runtime options
@section Runtime options
Besides the settings in the configuration file, tinc also accepts some
command line options.
-This list is a longer version of that in the manpage. The latter is
-generated automatically, so may be more up-to-date.
-
@cindex command line
@cindex runtime options
@cindex options
@c from the manpage
-@table @samp
-@item -c, --config=PATH
-Read configuration options from the directory PATH. The default is
-@file{/etc/tinc/nn/}.
-
-@item -d
-Increase debug level. The higher it gets, the more gets
+@table @option
+@item -c, --config=@var{path}
+Read configuration options from the directory @var{path}. The default is
+@file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/}.
+
+@item -D, --no-detach
+Don't fork and detach.
+This will also disable the automatic restart mechanism for fatal errors.
+
+@cindex debug level
+@item -d, --debug=@var{level}
+Set debug level to @var{level}. The higher the debug level, the more gets
logged. Everything goes via syslog.
-0 is the default, only some basic information connection attempts get
-logged. Setting it to 1 will log a bit more, still not very
-disturbing. With two -d's tincd will log protocol information, which can
-get pretty noisy. Three or more -d's will output every single packet
-that goes out or comes in, which probably generates more data than the
-packets themselves.
+@item -k, --kill[=@var{signal}]
+Attempt to kill a running tincd (optionally with the specified @var{signal} instead of SIGTERM) and exit.
+Use it in conjunction with the -n option to make sure you kill the right tinc daemon.
+Under native Windows the optional argument is ignored,
+the service will always be stopped and removed.
+
+@item -n, --net=@var{netname}
+Use configuration for net @var{netname}.
+This will let tinc read all configuration files from
+@file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/}.
+Specifying . for @var{netname} is the same as not specifying any @var{netname}.
+@xref{Multiple networks}.
+
+@item -K, --generate-keys[=@var{bits}]
+Generate public/private keypair of @var{bits} length. If @var{bits} is not specified,
+2048 is the default. tinc will ask where you want to store the files,
+but will default to the configuration directory (you can use the -c or -n option
+in combination with -K). After that, tinc will quit.
-@item -k, --kill
-Attempt to kill a running tincd and exit. A TERM signal (15) gets sent
-to the daemon that his its PID in /var/run/tinc.pid.
+@item -o, --option=[@var{HOST}.]@var{KEY}=@var{VALUE}
+Without specifying a @var{HOST}, this will set server configuration variable @var{KEY} to @var{VALUE}.
+If specified as @var{HOST}.@var{KEY}=@var{VALUE},
+this will set the host configuration variable @var{KEY} of the host named @var{HOST} to @var{VALUE}.
+This option can be used more than once to specify multiple configuration variables.
-Because it kills only one tinc daemon, you should use -n here if you
-started it that way. It will then read the PID from
-@file{/var/run/tinc.NETNAME.pid}.
+@item -L, --mlock
+Lock tinc into main memory.
+This will prevent sensitive data like shared private keys to be written to the system swap files/partitions.
-@item -n, --net=NETNAME
-Connect to net NETNAME. @xref{Multiple networks}.
+@item --logfile[=@var{file}]
+Write log entries to a file instead of to the system logging facility.
+If @var{file} is omitted, the default is @file{@value{localstatedir}/log/tinc.@var{netname}.log}.
-@item -K, --generate-keys[=BITS]
-Generate public/private keypair of BITS length. If BITS is not specified,
-1024 is the default. tinc will ask where you want to store the files,
-but will default to the configuration directory (you can use the -c or -n option
-in combination with -K). After that, tinc will quit.
+@item --pidfile=@var{file}
+Write PID to @var{file} instead of @file{@value{localstatedir}/run/tinc.@var{netname}.pid}.
+
+@item --bypass-security
+Disables encryption and authentication.
+Only useful for debugging.
+
+@item -R, --chroot
+Change process root directory to the directory where the config file is
+located (@file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/} as determined by
+-n/--net option or as given by -c/--config option), for added security.
+The chroot is performed after all the initialization is done, after
+writing pid files and opening network sockets.
+
+Note that this option alone does not do any good without -U/--user, below.
+
+Note also that tinc can't run scripts anymore (such as tinc-down or host-up),
+unless it's setup to be runnable inside chroot environment.
+
+@item -U, --user=@var{user}
+Switch to the given @var{user} after initialization, at the same time as
+chroot is performed (see --chroot above). With this option tinc drops
+privileges, for added security.
@item --help
Display a short reminder of these runtime options and terminate.
@end table
+@c ==================================================================
+@node Signals
+@section Signals
+
+@cindex signals
+You can also send the following signals to a running tincd process:
+
+@c from the manpage
+@table @samp
+
+@item ALRM
+Forces tinc to try to connect to all uplinks immediately.
+Usually tinc attempts to do this itself,
+but increases the time it waits between the attempts each time it failed,
+and if tinc didn't succeed to connect to an uplink the first time after it started,
+it defaults to the maximum time of 15 minutes.
+
+@item HUP
+Partially rereads configuration files.
+Connections to hosts whose host config file are removed are closed.
+New outgoing connections specified in @file{tinc.conf} will be made.
+If the --logfile option is used, this will also close and reopen the log file,
+useful when log rotation is used.
+
+@item INT
+Temporarily increases debug level to 5.
+Send this signal again to revert to the original level.
+
+@item USR1
+Dumps the connection list to syslog.
+
+@item USR2
+Dumps virtual network device statistics, all known nodes, edges and subnets to syslog.
+
+@item WINCH
+Purges all information remembered about unreachable nodes.
+
+@end table
+
+@c ==================================================================
+@node Debug levels
+@section Debug levels
+
+@cindex debug levels
+The tinc daemon can send a lot of messages to the syslog.
+The higher the debug level, the more messages it will log.
+Each level inherits all messages of the previous level:
+
+@c from the manpage
+@table @samp
+
+@item 0
+This will log a message indicating tinc has started along with a version number.
+It will also log any serious error.
+
+@item 1
+This will log all connections that are made with other tinc daemons.
+
+@item 2
+This will log status and error messages from scripts and other tinc daemons.
+
+@item 3
+This will log all requests that are exchanged with other tinc daemons. These include
+authentication, key exchange and connection list updates.
+
+@item 4
+This will log a copy of everything received on the meta socket.
+
+@item 5
+This will log all network traffic over the virtual private network.
+
+@end table
+
+@c ==================================================================
+@node Solving problems
+@section Solving problems
+
+If tinc starts without problems, but if the VPN doesn't work, you will have to find the cause of the problem.
+The first thing to do is to start tinc with a high debug level in the foreground,
+so you can directly see everything tinc logs:
+
+@example
+tincd -n @var{netname} -d5 -D
+@end example
+
+If tinc does not log any error messages, then you might want to check the following things:
+
+@itemize
+@item @file{tinc-up} script
+Does this script contain the right commands?
+Normally you must give the interface the address of this host on the VPN, and the netmask must be big enough so that the entire VPN is covered.
+
+@item Subnet
+Does the Subnet (or Subnets) in the host configuration file of this host match the portion of the VPN that belongs to this host?
+
+@item Firewalls and NATs
+Do you have a firewall or a NAT device (a masquerading firewall or perhaps an ADSL router that performs masquerading)?
+If so, check that it allows TCP and UDP traffic on port 655.
+If it masquerades and the host running tinc is behind it, make sure that it forwards TCP and UDP traffic to port 655 to the host running tinc.
+You can add @samp{TCPOnly = yes} to your host config file to force tinc to only use a single TCP connection,
+this works through most firewalls and NATs. Since version 1.0.10, tinc will automatically fall back to TCP if direct communication via UDP is not possible.
+
+@end itemize
+
@c ==================================================================
-@node Error messages, , Runtime options, Running tinc
+@node Error messages
@section Error messages
-What follows is a list of the most common error messages you can see
-when configuring tinc. Most of these messages are visible in the syslog
-only, so keep an eye on it!
+What follows is a list of the most common error messages you might find in the logs.
+Some of them will only be visible if the debug level is high enough.
-@table @strong
+@table @samp
@item Could not open /dev/tap0: No such device
-@table @bullet
-@item You forgot to insmod netlink_dev.o
-@item You forgot to compile `Netlink device emulation' in the kernel
-@end table
-@item Can't write to tun/tap device: No such device
-@table @bullet
-@item You forgot to insmod tun.o
-@item You forgot to compile `Universal TUN/TAP driver' in the kernel
-@end table
+@itemize
+@item You forgot to `modprobe netlink_dev' or `modprobe ethertap'.
+@item You forgot to compile `Netlink device emulation' in the kernel.
+@end itemize
+
+@item Can't write to /dev/net/tun: No such device
+
+@itemize
+@item You forgot to `modprobe tun'.
+@item You forgot to compile `Universal TUN/TAP driver' in the kernel.
+@item The tun device is located somewhere else in @file{/dev/}.
+@end itemize
+
+@item Network address and prefix length do not match!
+
+@itemize
+@item The Subnet field must contain a @emph{network} address, trailing bits should be 0.
+@item If you only want to use one IP address, set the netmask to /32.
+@end itemize
+
+@item Error reading RSA key file `rsa_key.priv': No such file or directory
+
+@itemize
+@item You forgot to create a public/private keypair.
+@item Specify the complete pathname to the private key file with the @samp{PrivateKeyFile} option.
+@end itemize
+
+@item Warning: insecure file permissions for RSA private key file `rsa_key.priv'!
+
+@itemize
+@item The private key file is readable by users other than root.
+Use chmod to correct the file permissions.
+@end itemize
+
+@item Creating metasocket failed: Address family not supported
+
+@itemize
+@item By default tinc tries to create both IPv4 and IPv6 sockets.
+On some platforms this might not be implemented.
+If the logs show @samp{Ready} later on, then at least one metasocket was created,
+and you can ignore this message.
+You can add @samp{AddressFamily = ipv4} to @file{tinc.conf} to prevent this from happening.
+@end itemize
+
+@item Cannot route packet: unknown IPv4 destination 1.2.3.4
+
+@itemize
+@item You try to send traffic to a host on the VPN for which no Subnet is known.
+@item If it is a broadcast address (ending in .255), it probably is a samba server or a Windows host sending broadcast packets.
+You can ignore it.
+@end itemize
+
+@item Cannot route packet: ARP request for unknown address 1.2.3.4
+
+@itemize
+@item You try to send traffic to a host on the VPN for which no Subnet is known.
+@end itemize
@item Packet with destination 1.2.3.4 is looping back to us!
-@table @bullet
+
+@itemize
@item Something is not configured right. Packets are being sent out to the
-tap device, but according to the Subnet directives in your host configuration
+virtual network device, but according to the Subnet directives in your host configuration
file, those packets should go to your own host. Most common mistake is that
-you have a Subnet line in your host configuration file with a netmask which is
-just as large as the netmask of the tap device. The latter should in almost all
+you have a Subnet line in your host configuration file with a prefix length which is
+just as large as the prefix of the virtual network interface. The latter should in almost all
cases be larger. Rethink your configuration.
Note that you will only see this message if you specified a debug
level of 5 or higher!
-@end table
+@item Chances are that a @samp{Subnet = ...} line in the host configuration file of this tinc daemon is wrong.
+Change it to a subnet that is accepted locally by another interface,
+or if that is not the case, try changing the prefix length into /32.
+@end itemize
-@item Network address and subnet mask do not match!
-@table @bullet
-@item The Subnet field must contain a network address
-If you only want to use one IP address, set the netmask to /32.
-@end table
+@item Node foo (1.2.3.4) is not reachable
-@item This is a bug: net.c:253: 24: Some error
-@table @bullet
-@item This is something that should not have happened
-Please report this, and tell us exactly what went wrong before you got
-this message. In normal operation, these errors should not occur.
-@end table
+@itemize
+@item Node foo does not have a connection anymore, its tinc daemon is not running or its connection to the Internet is broken.
+@end itemize
-@item Error reading RSA key file `rsa_key.priv': No such file or directory
-@table @bullet
-@item You must specify the complete pathname
-Specifying a relative path does not make sense here. tinc changes its
-directory to / when starting (to avoid keeping a mount point busy); and
-even if we built in a default directory to look for these files, the key
-files are bound to be in a different directory.
-@end table
+@item Received UDP packet from unknown source 1.2.3.4 (port 12345)
+
+@itemize
+@item If you see this only sporadically, it is harmless and caused by a node sending packets using an old key.
+@end itemize
+
+@item Got bad/bogus/unauthorized REQUEST from foo (1.2.3.4 port 12345)
+
+@itemize
+@item Node foo does not have the right public/private keypair.
+Generate new keypairs and distribute them again.
+@item An attacker tries to gain access to your VPN.
+@item A network error caused corruption of metadata sent from foo.
+@end itemize
@end table
@c ==================================================================
-@node Technical information, About us, Running tinc, Top
+@node Sending bug reports
+@section Sending bug reports
+
+If you really can't find the cause of a problem, or if you suspect tinc is not working right,
+you can send us a bugreport, see @ref{Contact information}.
+Be sure to include the following information in your bugreport:
+
+@itemize
+@item A clear description of what you are trying to achieve and what the problem is.
+@item What platform (operating system, version, hardware architecture) and which version of tinc you use.
+@item If compiling tinc fails, a copy of @file{config.log} and the error messages you get.
+@item Otherwise, a copy of @file{tinc.conf}, @file{tinc-up} and all files in the @file{hosts/} directory.
+@item The output of the commands @samp{ifconfig -a} and @samp{route -n} (or @samp{netstat -rn} if that doesn't work).
+@item The output of any command that fails to work as it should (like ping or traceroute).
+@end itemize
+
+@c ==================================================================
+@node Technical information
@chapter Technical information
@menu
-* The Connection::
-* Security::
+* The connection::
+* The meta-protocol::
+* Security::
@end menu
@c ==================================================================
-@node The Connection, Security, Technical information, Technical information
-@section The basic philosophy of the way tinc works
-@cindex connection
+@node The connection
+@section The connection
-tinc is a daemon that takes VPN data and transmit that to another host
+@cindex connection
+Tinc is a daemon that takes VPN data and transmit that to another host
computer over the existing Internet infrastructure.
@menu
-* Protocol Preview::
-* The Meta-connection::
+* The UDP tunnel::
+* The meta-connection::
@end menu
@c ==================================================================
-@node Protocol Preview, The Meta-connection, The Connection, The Connection
-@subsection A preview of the way the tinc works
+@node The UDP tunnel
+@subsection The UDP tunnel
-@cindex ethertap
+@cindex virtual network device
@cindex frame type
The data itself is read from a character device file, the so-called
-@emph{ethertap} device. This device is associated with a network
+@emph{virtual network device}. This device is associated with a network
interface. Any data sent to this interface can be read from the device,
-and any data written to the device gets sent from the interface. Data to
-and from the device is formatted as if it were a normal ethernet card,
-so a frame is preceded by two MAC addresses and a @emph{frame type}
-field.
-
-So when tinc reads an ethernet frame from the device, it determines its
-type. Right now, tinc can only handle Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)
-frames, because it needs IP headers for routing.
-Plans to support other protocols and switching instead of routing are being made.
-When tinc knows
-which type of frame it has read, it can also read the source and
-destination address from it.
-
-Now it is time that the frame gets encrypted. Currently the only
-encryption algorithm available is blowfish.
+and any data written to the device gets sent from the interface.
+There are two possible types of virtual network devices:
+`tun' style, which are point-to-point devices which can only handle IPv4 and/or IPv6 packets,
+and `tap' style, which are Ethernet devices and handle complete Ethernet frames.
+
+So when tinc reads an Ethernet frame from the device, it determines its
+type. When tinc is in it's default routing mode, it can handle IPv4 and IPv6
+packets. Depending on the Subnet lines, it will send the packets off to their destination IP address.
+In the `switch' and `hub' mode, tinc will use broadcasts and MAC address discovery
+to deduce the destination of the packets.
+Since the latter modes only depend on the link layer information,
+any protocol that runs over Ethernet is supported (for instance IPX and Appletalk).
+However, only `tap' style devices provide this information.
+
+After the destination has been determined,
+the packet will be compressed (optionally),
+a sequence number will be added to the packet,
+the packet will then be encrypted
+and a message authentication code will be appended.
@cindex encapsulating
-When the encryption is ready, time has come to actually transport the
+@cindex UDP
+When that is done, time has come to actually transport the
packet to the destination computer. We do this by sending the packet
over an UDP connection to the destination host. This is called
@emph{encapsulating}, the VPN packet (though now encrypted) is
encapsulated in another IP datagram.
When the destination receives this packet, the same thing happens, only
-in reverse. So it does a decrypt on the contents of the UDP datagram,
-and it writes the decrypted information to its own ethertap device.
-
-To let the kernel on the receiving end accept the packet, the destination MAC
-address must match that of the tap interface. Because of the routing nature
-of tinc, ARP is not possible. tinc solves this by always overwriting the
-destination MAC address with fe:fd:0:0:0:0. That is also the reason why you must
-set the MAC address of your tap interface to that address.
+in reverse. So it checks the message authentication code, decrypts the contents of the UDP datagram,
+checks the sequence number
+and writes the decrypted information to its own virtual network device.
+
+If the virtual network device is a `tun' device (a point-to-point tunnel),
+there is no problem for the kernel to accept a packet.
+However, if it is a `tap' device (this is the only available type on FreeBSD),
+the destination MAC address must match that of the virtual network interface.
+If tinc is in it's default routing mode, ARP does not work, so the correct destination MAC
+can not be known by the sending host.
+Tinc solves this by letting the receiving end detect the MAC address of its own virtual network interface
+and overwriting the destination MAC address of the received packet.
+
+In switch or hub modes ARP does work so the sender already knows the correct destination MAC address.
+In those modes every interface should have a unique MAC address, so make sure they are not the same.
+Because switch and hub modes rely on MAC addresses to function correctly,
+these modes cannot be used on the following operating systems which don't have a `tap' style virtual network device:
+OpenBSD, NetBSD, Darwin and Solaris.
@c ==================================================================
-@node The Meta-connection, , Protocol Preview, The Connection
+@node The meta-connection
@subsection The meta-connection
-Having only an UDP connection available is not enough. Though suitable
+Having only a UDP connection available is not enough. Though suitable
for transmitting data, we want to be able to reliably send other
-information, such as routing and encryption information to somebody.
+information, such as routing and session key information to somebody.
+@cindex TCP
TCP is a better alternative, because it already contains protection
against information being lost, unlike UDP.
better for encapsulation, even while it is less reliable. The real
problem is that when TCP would be used to encapsulate a TCP stream
that's on the private network, for every packet sent there would be
-three ACK's sent instead of just one. Furthermore, if there would be
+three ACKs sent instead of just one. Furthermore, if there would be
a timeout, both TCP streams would sense the timeout, and both would
-start resending packets.
+start re-sending packets.
+
@c ==================================================================
-@node Security, , The Connection, Technical information
-@section About tinc's encryption and other security-related issues.
+@node The meta-protocol
+@section The meta-protocol
+
+The meta protocol is used to tie all tinc daemons together, and
+exchange information about which tinc daemon serves which virtual
+subnet.
+
+The meta protocol consists of requests that can be sent to the other
+side. Each request has a unique number and several parameters. All
+requests are represented in the standard ASCII character set. It is
+possible to use tools such as telnet or netcat to connect to a tinc
+daemon started with the --bypass-security option
+and to read and write requests by hand, provided that one
+understands the numeric codes sent.
+
+The authentication scheme is described in @ref{Authentication protocol}. After a
+successful authentication, the server and the client will exchange all the
+information about other tinc daemons and subnets they know of, so that both
+sides (and all the other tinc daemons behind them) have their information
+synchronised.
+
+@cindex ADD_EDGE
+@cindex ADD_SUBNET
+@example
+message
+------------------------------------------------------------------
+ADD_EDGE node1 node2 21.32.43.54 655 222 0
+ | | | | | +-> options
+ | | | | +----> weight
+ | | | +--------> UDP port of node2
+ | | +----------------> real address of node2
+ | +-------------------------> name of destination node
+ +-------------------------------> name of source node
+
+ADD_SUBNET node 192.168.1.0/24
+ | | +--> prefixlength
+ | +--------> network address
+ +------------------> owner of this subnet
+------------------------------------------------------------------
+@end example
-@cindex tinc
+The ADD_EDGE messages are to inform other tinc daemons that a connection between
+two nodes exist. The address of the destination node is available so that
+VPN packets can be sent directly to that node.
+
+The ADD_SUBNET messages inform other tinc daemons that certain subnets belong
+to certain nodes. tinc will use it to determine to which node a VPN packet has
+to be sent.
+
+@cindex DEL_EDGE
+@cindex DEL_SUBNET
+@example
+message
+------------------------------------------------------------------
+DEL_EDGE node1 node2
+ | +----> name of destination node
+ +----------> name of source node
+
+DEL_SUBNET node 192.168.1.0/24
+ | | +--> prefixlength
+ | +--------> network address
+ +------------------> owner of this subnet
+------------------------------------------------------------------
+@end example
+
+In case a connection between two daemons is closed or broken, DEL_EDGE messages
+are sent to inform the other daemons of that fact. Each daemon will calculate a
+new route to the the daemons, or mark them unreachable if there isn't any.
+
+@cindex REQ_KEY
+@cindex ANS_KEY
+@cindex KEY_CHANGED
+@example
+message
+------------------------------------------------------------------
+REQ_KEY origin destination
+ | +--> name of the tinc daemon it wants the key from
+ +----------> name of the daemon that wants the key
+
+ANS_KEY origin destination 4ae0b0a82d6e0078 91 64 4
+ | | \______________/ | | +--> MAC length
+ | | | | +-----> digest algorithm
+ | | | +--------> cipher algorithm
+ | | +--> 128 bits key
+ | +--> name of the daemon that wants the key
+ +----------> name of the daemon that uses this key
+
+KEY_CHANGED origin
+ +--> daemon that has changed it's packet key
+------------------------------------------------------------------
+@end example
+
+The keys used to encrypt VPN packets are not sent out directly. This is
+because it would generate a lot of traffic on VPNs with many daemons, and
+chances are that not every tinc daemon will ever send a packet to every
+other daemon. Instead, if a daemon needs a key it sends a request for it
+via the meta connection of the nearest hop in the direction of the
+destination.
+
+@cindex PING
+@cindex PONG
+@example
+daemon message
+------------------------------------------------------------------
+origin PING
+dest. PONG
+------------------------------------------------------------------
+@end example
+
+There is also a mechanism to check if hosts are still alive. Since network
+failures or a crash can cause a daemon to be killed without properly
+shutting down the TCP connection, this is necessary to keep an up to date
+connection list. PINGs are sent at regular intervals, except when there
+is also some other traffic. A little bit of salt (random data) is added
+with each PING and PONG message, to make sure that long sequences of PING/PONG
+messages without any other traffic won't result in known plaintext.
+
+This basically covers what is sent over the meta connection by tinc.
+
+
+@c ==================================================================
+@node Security
+@section Security
+
+@cindex TINC
@cindex Cabal
-tinc got its name from ``TINC,'' short for @emph{There Is No Cabal}; the
-alleged Cabal was/is an organization that was said to keep an eye on the
+Tinc got its name from ``TINC,'' short for @emph{There Is No Cabal}; the
+alleged Cabal was/is an organisation that was said to keep an eye on the
entire Internet. As this is exactly what you @emph{don't} want, we named
the tinc project after TINC.
But in order to be ``immune'' to eavesdropping, you'll have to encrypt
your data. Because tinc is a @emph{Secure} VPN (SVPN) daemon, it does
exactly that: encrypt.
-
-This chapter is a mixture of ideas, reasoning and explanation, please
-don't take it too serious.
+Tinc by default uses blowfish encryption with 128 bit keys in CBC mode, 32 bit
+sequence numbers and 4 byte long message authentication codes to make sure
+eavesdroppers cannot get and cannot change any information at all from the
+packets they can intercept. The encryption algorithm and message authentication
+algorithm can be changed in the configuration. The length of the message
+authentication codes is also adjustable. The length of the key for the
+encryption algorithm is always the default length used by OpenSSL.
@menu
-* Key Types::
+* Authentication protocol::
+* Encryption of network packets::
+* Security issues::
@end menu
+
@c ==================================================================
-@node Key Types, , Security, Security
-@subsection Key Types
-@c FIXME: check if I'm not talking nonsense
+@node Authentication protocol
+@subsection Authentication protocol
+
+@cindex authentication
+A new scheme for authentication in tinc has been devised, which offers some
+improvements over the protocol used in 1.0pre2 and 1.0pre3. Explanation is
+below.
+
+@cindex ID
+@cindex META_KEY
+@cindex CHALLENGE
+@cindex CHAL_REPLY
+@cindex ACK
+@example
+daemon message
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+client <attempts connection>
+
+server <accepts connection>
+
+client ID client 12
+ | +---> version
+ +-------> name of tinc daemon
+
+server ID server 12
+ | +---> version
+ +-------> name of tinc daemon
+
+client META_KEY 5f0823a93e35b69e...7086ec7866ce582b
+ \_________________________________/
+ +-> RSAKEYLEN bits totally random string S1,
+ encrypted with server's public RSA key
-There are several types of encryption keys. Tinc uses two of them,
-symmetric private keypairs and public/private keypairs.
+server META_KEY 6ab9c1640388f8f0...45d1a07f8a672630
+ \_________________________________/
+ +-> RSAKEYLEN bits totally random string S2,
+ encrypted with client's public RSA key
-Public/private keypairs are used in public key cryptography. It enables
-someone to send out a public key with which other people can encrypt their
-data. The encrypted data now can only be decrypted by the person who has
-the private key that matches the public key. So, a public key only allows
-@emph{other} people to send encrypted messages to you. This is very useful
-in setting up private communications channels. Just send out your public key
-and other people can talk to you in a secure way. But how can you know
-the other person is who she says she is? This is done by sending out an
-encrypted challenge that only the person with the right private key can decode
-an respond to.
+From now on:
+ - the client will symmetrically encrypt outgoing traffic using S1
+ - the server will symmetrically encrypt outgoing traffic using S2
-However, encryption with public/private keys is very slow. Symmetric key cryptography
-is orders of magnitudes faster, but it is very hard to safely exchange the symmetric
-keys, since they should be kept private.
+client CHALLENGE da02add1817c1920989ba6ae2a49cecbda0
+ \_________________________________/
+ +-> CHALLEN bits totally random string H1
-The idea is to use public/private cryptography for authentication, and for
-exchanging symmetric keys in a safe way. After that, all communications are encrypted
-with the symmetric cipher.
+server CHALLENGE 57fb4b2ccd70d6bb35a64c142f47e61d57f
+ \_________________________________/
+ +-> CHALLEN bits totally random string H2
+
+client CHAL_REPLY 816a86
+ +-> 160 bits SHA1 of H2
+
+server CHAL_REPLY 928ffe
+ +-> 160 bits SHA1 of H1
+
+After the correct challenge replies are received, both ends have proved
+their identity. Further information is exchanged.
+
+client ACK 655 123 0
+ | | +-> options
+ | +----> estimated weight
+ +--------> listening port of client
+
+server ACK 655 321 0
+ | | +-> options
+ | +----> estimated weight
+ +--------> listening port of server
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+@end example
+This new scheme has several improvements, both in efficiency and security.
+
+First of all, the server sends exactly the same kind of messages over the wire
+as the client. The previous versions of tinc first authenticated the client,
+and then the server. This scheme even allows both sides to send their messages
+simultaneously, there is no need to wait for the other to send something first.
+This means that any calculations that need to be done upon sending or receiving
+a message can also be done in parallel. This is especially important when doing
+RSA encryption/decryption. Given that these calculations are the main part of
+the CPU time spent for the authentication, speed is improved by a factor 2.
+
+Second, only one RSA encrypted message is sent instead of two. This reduces the
+amount of information attackers can see (and thus use for a cryptographic
+attack). It also improves speed by a factor two, making the total speedup a
+factor 4.
+
+Third, and most important:
+The symmetric cipher keys are exchanged first, the challenge is done
+afterwards. In the previous authentication scheme, because a man-in-the-middle
+could pass the challenge/chal_reply phase (by just copying the messages between
+the two real tinc daemons), but no information was exchanged that was really
+needed to read the rest of the messages, the challenge/chal_reply phase was of
+no real use. The man-in-the-middle was only stopped by the fact that only after
+the ACK messages were encrypted with the symmetric cipher. Potentially, it
+could even send it's own symmetric key to the server (if it knew the server's
+public key) and read some of the metadata the server would send it (it was
+impossible for the mitm to read actual network packets though). The new scheme
+however prevents this.
+
+This new scheme makes sure that first of all, symmetric keys are exchanged. The
+rest of the messages are then encrypted with the symmetric cipher. Then, each
+side can only read received messages if they have their private key. The
+challenge is there to let the other side know that the private key is really
+known, because a challenge reply can only be sent back if the challenge is
+decrypted correctly, and that can only be done with knowledge of the private
+key.
+
+Fourth: the first thing that is sent via the symmetric cipher encrypted
+connection is a totally random string, so that there is no known plaintext (for
+an attacker) in the beginning of the encrypted stream.
+
+
+@c ==================================================================
+@node Encryption of network packets
+@subsection Encryption of network packets
+@cindex encryption
+
+A data packet can only be sent if the encryption key is known to both
+parties, and the connection is activated. If the encryption key is not
+known, a request is sent to the destination using the meta connection
+to retrieve it. The packet is stored in a queue while waiting for the
+key to arrive.
+
+@cindex UDP
+The UDP packet containing the network packet from the VPN has the following layout:
+
+@example
+... | IP header | UDP header | seqno | VPN packet | MAC | UDP trailer
+ \___________________/\_____/
+ | |
+ V +---> digest algorithm
+ Encrypted with symmetric cipher
+@end example
+
+So, the entire VPN packet is encrypted using a symmetric cipher, including a 32 bits
+sequence number that is added in front of the actual VPN packet, to act as a unique
+IV for each packet and to prevent replay attacks. A message authentication code
+is added to the UDP packet to prevent alteration of packets. By default the
+first 4 bytes of the digest are used for this, but this can be changed using
+the MACLength configuration variable.
+
+@c ==================================================================
+@node Security issues
+@subsection Security issues
+
+In August 2000, we discovered the existence of a security hole in all versions
+of tinc up to and including 1.0pre2. This had to do with the way we exchanged
+keys. Since then, we have been working on a new authentication scheme to make
+tinc as secure as possible. The current version uses the OpenSSL library and
+uses strong authentication with RSA keys.
+
+On the 29th of December 2001, Jerome Etienne posted a security analysis of tinc
+1.0pre4. Due to a lack of sequence numbers and a message authentication code
+for each packet, an attacker could possibly disrupt certain network services or
+launch a denial of service attack by replaying intercepted packets. The current
+version adds sequence numbers and message authentication codes to prevent such
+attacks.
+
+On the 15th of September 2003, Peter Gutmann posted a security analysis of tinc
+1.0.1. He argues that the 32 bit sequence number used by tinc is not a good IV,
+that tinc's default length of 4 bytes for the MAC is too short, and he doesn't
+like tinc's use of RSA during authentication. We do not know of a security hole
+in this version of tinc, but tinc's security is not as strong as TLS or IPsec.
+We will address these issues in tinc 2.0.
+
+Cryptography is a hard thing to get right. We cannot make any
+guarantees. Time, review and feedback are the only things that can
+prove the security of any cryptographic product. If you wish to review
+tinc or give us feedback, you are stronly encouraged to do so.
+
+
+@c ==================================================================
+@node Platform specific information
+@chapter Platform specific information
+
+@menu
+* Interface configuration::
+* Routes::
+@end menu
@c ==================================================================
-@node About us, Concept Index, Technical information, Top
+@node Interface configuration
+@section Interface configuration
+
+When configuring an interface, one normally assigns it an address and a
+netmask. The address uniquely identifies the host on the network attached to
+the interface. The netmask, combined with the address, forms a subnet. It is
+used to add a route to the routing table instructing the kernel to send all
+packets which fall into that subnet to that interface. Because all packets for
+the entire VPN should go to the virtual network interface used by tinc, the
+netmask should be such that it encompasses the entire VPN.
+
+For IPv4 addresses:
+
+@multitable {Darwin (MacOS/X)} {ifconfig route add -bla network address netmask netmask prefixlength interface}
+@item Linux
+@tab @code{ifconfig} @var{interface} @var{address} @code{netmask} @var{netmask}
+@item Linux iproute2
+@tab @code{ip addr add} @var{address}@code{/}@var{prefixlength} @code{dev} @var{interface}
+@item FreeBSD
+@tab @code{ifconfig} @var{interface} @var{address} @code{netmask} @var{netmask}
+@item OpenBSD
+@tab @code{ifconfig} @var{interface} @var{address} @code{netmask} @var{netmask}
+@item NetBSD
+@tab @code{ifconfig} @var{interface} @var{address} @code{netmask} @var{netmask}
+@item Solaris
+@tab @code{ifconfig} @var{interface} @var{address} @code{netmask} @var{netmask}
+@item Darwin (MacOS/X)
+@tab @code{ifconfig} @var{interface} @var{address} @code{netmask} @var{netmask}
+@item Windows
+@tab @code{netsh interface ip set address} @var{interface} @code{static} @var{address} @var{netmask}
+@end multitable
+
+For IPv6 addresses:
+
+@multitable {Darwin (MacOS/X)} {ifconfig route add -bla network address netmask netmask prefixlength interface}
+@item Linux
+@tab @code{ifconfig} @var{interface} @code{add} @var{address}@code{/}@var{prefixlength}
+@item FreeBSD
+@tab @code{ifconfig} @var{interface} @code{inet6} @var{address} @code{prefixlen} @var{prefixlength}
+@item OpenBSD
+@tab @code{ifconfig} @var{interface} @code{inet6} @var{address} @code{prefixlen} @var{prefixlength}
+@item NetBSD
+@tab @code{ifconfig} @var{interface} @code{inet6} @var{address} @code{prefixlen} @var{prefixlength}
+@item Solaris
+@tab @code{ifconfig} @var{interface} @code{inet6 plumb up}
+@item
+@tab @code{ifconfig} @var{interface} @code{inet6 addif} @var{address} @var{address}
+@item Darwin (MacOS/X)
+@tab @code{ifconfig} @var{interface} @code{inet6} @var{address} @code{prefixlen} @var{prefixlength}
+@item Windows
+@tab @code{netsh interface ipv6 add address} @var{interface} @code{static} @var{address}/@var{prefixlength}
+@end multitable
+
+On some platforms, when running tinc in switch mode, the VPN interface must be set to tap mode with an ifconfig command:
+
+@multitable {Darwin (MacOS/X)} {ifconfig route add -bla network address netmask netmask prefixlength interface}
+@item OpenBSD
+@tab @code{ifconfig} @var{interface} @code{link0}
+@end multitable
+
+On Linux, it is possible to create a persistent tun/tap interface which will
+continue to exist even if tinc quit, although this is normally not required.
+It can be useful to set up a tun/tap interface owned by a non-root user, so
+tinc can be started without needing any root privileges at all.
+
+@multitable {Darwin (MacOS/X)} {ifconfig route add -bla network address netmask netmask prefixlength interface}
+@item Linux
+@tab @code{ip tuntap add dev} @var{interface} @code{mode} @var{tun|tap} @code{user} @var{username}
+@end multitable
+
+@c ==================================================================
+@node Routes
+@section Routes
+
+In some cases it might be necessary to add more routes to the virtual network
+interface. There are two ways to indicate which interface a packet should go
+to, one is to use the name of the interface itself, another way is to specify
+the (local) address that is assigned to that interface (@var{local_address}). The
+former way is unambiguous and therefore preferable, but not all platforms
+support this.
+
+Adding routes to IPv4 subnets:
+
+@multitable {Darwin (MacOS/X)} {ifconfig route add -bla network address netmask netmask prefixlength interface}
+@item Linux
+@tab @code{route add -net} @var{network_address} @code{netmask} @var{netmask} @var{interface}
+@item Linux iproute2
+@tab @code{ip route add} @var{network_address}@code{/}@var{prefixlength} @code{dev} @var{interface}
+@item FreeBSD
+@tab @code{route add} @var{network_address}@code{/}@var{prefixlength} @var{local_address}
+@item OpenBSD
+@tab @code{route add} @var{network_address}@code{/}@var{prefixlength} @var{local_address}
+@item NetBSD
+@tab @code{route add} @var{network_address}@code{/}@var{prefixlength} @var{local_address}
+@item Solaris
+@tab @code{route add} @var{network_address}@code{/}@var{prefixlength} @var{local_address} @code{-interface}
+@item Darwin (MacOS/X)
+@tab @code{route add} @var{network_address}@code{/}@var{prefixlength} @var{local_address}
+@item Windows
+@tab @code{netsh routing ip add persistentroute} @var{network_address} @var{netmask} @var{interface} @var{local_address}
+@end multitable
+
+Adding routes to IPv6 subnets:
+
+@multitable {Darwin (MacOS/X)} {ifconfig route add -bla network address netmask netmask prefixlength interface}
+@item Linux
+@tab @code{route add -A inet6} @var{network_address}@code{/}@var{prefixlength} @var{interface}
+@item Linux iproute2
+@tab @code{ip route add} @var{network_address}@code{/}@var{prefixlength} @code{dev} @var{interface}
+@item FreeBSD
+@tab @code{route add -inet6} @var{network_address}@code{/}@var{prefixlength} @var{local_address}
+@item OpenBSD
+@tab @code{route add -inet6} @var{network_address} @var{local_address} @code{-prefixlen} @var{prefixlength}
+@item NetBSD
+@tab @code{route add -inet6} @var{network_address} @var{local_address} @code{-prefixlen} @var{prefixlength}
+@item Solaris
+@tab @code{route add -inet6} @var{network_address}@code{/}@var{prefixlength} @var{local_address} @code{-interface}
+@item Darwin (MacOS/X)
+@tab ?
+@item Windows
+@tab @code{netsh interface ipv6 add route} @var{network address}/@var{prefixlength} @var{interface}
+@end multitable
+
+
+@c ==================================================================
+@node About us
@chapter About us
@menu
-* Contact Information::
-* Authors::
+* Contact information::
+* Authors::
@end menu
@c ==================================================================
-@node Contact Information, Authors, About us, About us
+@node Contact information
@section Contact information
-tinc's main page is at @url{http://tinc.nl.linux.org/},
+@cindex website
+Tinc's website is at @url{http://www.tinc-vpn.org/},
this server is located in the Netherlands.
-We have an IRC channel on the Open Projects IRC network. Connect to
-@uref{http://openprojects.nu/services/irc.html, irc.openprojects.net},
+@cindex IRC
+We have an IRC channel on the FreeNode and OFTC IRC networks. Connect to
+@uref{http://www.freenode.net/, irc.freenode.net}
+or
+@uref{http://www.oftc.net/, irc.oftc.net}
and join channel #tinc.
@c ==================================================================
-@node Authors, , Contact Information, About us
+@node Authors
@section Authors
@table @asis
-@item Ivo Timmermans (zarq) (@email{itimmermans@@bigfoot.com})
-Main coder/hacker and maintainer of the package.
-
-@item Guus Sliepen (guus) (@email{guus@@sliepen.warande.net})
-Originator of it all, co-author.
-
-@item Wessel Dankers (Ubiq) (@email{wsl@@nl.linux.org})
-For the name `tinc' and various suggestions.
-
+@item Ivo Timmermans (zarq)
+@item Guus Sliepen (guus) (@email{guus@@tinc-vpn.org})
@end table
We have received a lot of valuable input from users. With their help,
@c ==================================================================
-@node Concept Index, , About us, Top
-@c node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Concept Index
@unnumbered Concept Index
@c ==================================================================
@c ==================================================================
@contents
@bye
-
projects / tinc / blobdiff