\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
-@c $Id: tinc.texi,v 1.8.4.43 2003/08/08 14:07:12 guus Exp $
+@c $Id: tinc.texi,v 1.8.4.46 2003/10/11 14:42:29 guus Exp $
@c %**start of header
@setfilename tinc.info
@settitle tinc Manual
<ivo@@o2w.nl>, Guus Sliepen <guus@@sliepen.eu.org> and
Wessel Dankers <wsl@@nl.linux.org>.
-$Id: tinc.texi,v 1.8.4.43 2003/08/08 14:07:12 guus Exp $
+$Id: tinc.texi,v 1.8.4.46 2003/10/11 14:42:29 guus Exp $
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
<ivo@@o2w.nl>, Guus Sliepen <guus@@sliepen.eu.org> and
Wessel Dankers <wsl@@nl.linux.org>.
-$Id: tinc.texi,v 1.8.4.43 2003/08/08 14:07:12 guus Exp $
+$Id: tinc.texi,v 1.8.4.46 2003/10/11 14:42:29 guus Exp $
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
@end titlepage
+@ifinfo
@c ==================================================================
-@node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir)
+@node Top
+@top Top
@menu
-* Introduction:: Introduction
+* Introduction::
* Preparations::
* Installation::
* Configuration::
* Running tinc::
* Technical information::
+* Platform specific information::
* About us::
* Concept Index:: All used terms explained
@end menu
-
-
-@contents
+@end ifinfo
@c ==================================================================
-@node Introduction, Preparations, Top, Top
+@node Introduction
@chapter Introduction
@cindex tinc
-tinc is a Virtual Private Network (VPN) daemon that uses tunneling and
+Tinc is a Virtual Private Network (VPN) daemon that uses tunneling and
encryption to create a secure private network between hosts on the
Internet.
process of tinc itself.
@menu
-* VPNs:: Virtual Private Networks in general
-* tinc:: about tinc
+* Virtual Private Networks::
+* tinc:: About tinc
* Supported platforms::
@end menu
@c ==================================================================
-@node VPNs, tinc, Introduction, Introduction
+@node Virtual Private Networks
@section Virtual Private Networks
@cindex VPN
@c ==================================================================
-@node tinc, Supported platforms, VPNs, Introduction
+@node tinc
@section tinc
@cindex vpnd
Guus' idea. He wrote a simple implementation (about 50 lines of C) that
used the ethertap device that Linux knows of since somewhere
about kernel 2.1.60. It didn't work immediately and he improved it a
-bit. At this stage, the project was still simply called @samp{vpnd}.
+bit. At this stage, the project was still simply called "vpnd".
Since then, a lot has changed---to say the least.
@cindex tincd
-tinc now supports encryption, it consists of a single daemon (tincd) for
+Tinc now supports encryption, it consists of a single daemon (tincd) for
both the receiving and sending end, it has become largely
runtime-configurable---in short, it has become a full-fledged
professional package.
-@cindex Traditional VPNs
+@cindex traditional VPNs
@cindex scalability
-tinc also allows more than two sites to connect to eachother and form a single VPN.
+Tinc also allows more than two sites to connect to eachother and form a single VPN.
Traditionally VPNs are created by making tunnels, which only have two endpoints.
Larger VPNs with more sites are created by adding more tunnels.
-tinc takes another approach: only endpoints are specified,
+Tinc takes another approach: only endpoints are specified,
the software itself will take care of creating the tunnels.
This allows for easier configuration and improved scalability.
@c ==================================================================
-@node Supported platforms, , tinc, Introduction
+@node Supported platforms
@section Supported platforms
@cindex platforms
-tinc has been verified to work under Linux, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, MacOS/X (Darwin), Solaris, and Windows (in a Cygwin environment),
+Tinc has been verified to work under Linux, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, MacOS/X (Darwin), Solaris, and Windows (both natively and in a Cygwin environment),
with various hardware architectures. These are some of the platforms
that are supported by the universal tun/tap device driver or other virtual network device drivers.
Without such a driver, tinc will most
@subsection Linux
@cindex Linux
-tinc was first written for Linux running on an intel x86 processor, so
+Tinc was first written for Linux running on an intel x86 processor, so
this is the best supported platform. The protocol however, and actually
anything about tinc, has been rewritten to support random byte ordering
and arbitrary word length. So in theory it should run on other
processors that Linux runs on. It has already been verified to run on
alpha and sparc processors as well.
-tinc uses the ethertap device or the universal tun/tap driver. The former is provided in the standard kernel
+Tinc uses the ethertap device or the universal tun/tap driver. The former is provided in the standard kernel
from version 2.1.60 up to 2.3.x, but has been replaced in favour of the tun/tap driver in kernel versions 2.4.0 and later.
@subsection FreeBSD
@cindex FreeBSD
-tinc on FreeBSD relies on the universal tun/tap driver for its data
+Tinc on FreeBSD relies on the universal tun/tap driver for its data
acquisition from the kernel. Therefore, tinc will work on the same platforms
as this driver. These are: FreeBSD 3.x, 4.x, 5.x.
@subsection OpenBSD
@cindex OpenBSD
-tinc on OpenBSD relies on the tun driver for its data
+Tinc on OpenBSD relies on the tun driver for its data
acquisition from the kernel. It has been verified to work under at least OpenBSD 2.9.
Tunneling IPv6 packets may not work on OpenBSD.
@subsection NetBSD
@cindex NetBSD
-tinc on NetBSD relies on the tun driver for its data
+Tinc on NetBSD relies on the tun driver for its data
acquisition from the kernel. It has been verified to work under at least NetBSD 1.5.2.
Tunneling IPv6 does not work on OpenBSD.
@subsection Solaris
@cindex Solaris
-tinc on Solaris relies on the universal tun/tap driver for its data
+Tinc on Solaris relies on the universal tun/tap driver for its data
acquisition from the kernel. Therefore, tinc will work on the same platforms
-as this driver. These are: Solaris 8 (SunOS 5.8).
+as this driver. It has been verified to work under Solaris 8 (SunOS 5.8).
IPv6 packets cannot be tunneled on Solaris.
@cindex Darwin
@cindex MacOS/X
-tinc on Darwin relies on the tunnel driver for its data
+Tinc on Darwin relies on the tunnel driver for its data
acquisition from the kernel. This driver is not part of Darwin but can be
downloaded from @uref{http://chrisp.de/en/projects/tunnel.html}.
IPv6 packets cannot be tunneled on Darwin.
@c ==================================================================
-@subsection Cygwin (Windows)
+@subsection Windows
-@cindex Cygwin
@cindex Windows
-tinc on Windows, in a Cygwin environment, relies on the CIPE driver for its data
-acquisition from the kernel. This driver is not part of Windows but can be
-downloaded from @uref{http://cipe-win32.sourceforge.net/}.
-
-@c ==================================================================
-@subsection MinGW (Windows)
-
-@cindex MinGW
-@cindex Windows
-tinc on Windows (native), compiled using MinGW, relies on the CIPE driver for its data
+Tinc on Windows, in a Cygwin environment, relies on the CIPE driver or the TAP-Win32 driver for its data
acquisition from the kernel. This driver is not part of Windows but can be
downloaded from @uref{http://cipe-win32.sourceforge.net/}.
@c
@c ==================================================================
-@node Preparations, Installation, Introduction, Top
+@node Preparations
@chapter Preparations
This chapter contains information on how to prepare your system to
@c ==================================================================
-@node Configuring the kernel, Libraries, Preparations, Preparations
+@node Configuring the kernel
@section Configuring the kernel
@cindex RedHat
* Configuration of NetBSD kernels::
* Configuration of Solaris kernels::
* Configuration of Darwin (MacOS/X) kernels::
-* Configuration of Cygwin (Windows)::
-* Configuration of MinGW (Windows)::
+* Configuration of Windows::
@end menu
@c ==================================================================
-@node Configuration of Linux kernels 2.1.60 up to 2.4.0, Configuration of Linux kernels 2.4.0 and higher, Configuring the kernel, Configuring the kernel
+@node Configuration of Linux kernels 2.1.60 up to 2.4.0
@subsection Configuration of Linux kernels 2.1.60 up to 2.4.0
Here are the options you have to turn on when configuring a new kernel:
@c ==================================================================
-@node Configuration of Linux kernels 2.4.0 and higher, Configuration of FreeBSD kernels, Configuration of Linux kernels 2.1.60 up to 2.4.0, Configuring the kernel
+@node Configuration of Linux kernels 2.4.0 and higher
@subsection Configuration of Linux kernels 2.4.0 and higher
Here are the options you have to turn on when configuring a new kernel:
@c ==================================================================
-@node Configuration of FreeBSD kernels, Configuration of OpenBSD kernels, Configuration of Linux kernels 2.4.0 and higher, Configuring the kernel
+@node Configuration of FreeBSD kernels
@subsection Configuration of FreeBSD kernels
For FreeBSD version 4.1 and higher, the tap driver is included in the default kernel configuration, for earlier
@c ==================================================================
-@node Configuration of OpenBSD kernels, Configuration of NetBSD kernels, Configuration of FreeBSD kernels, Configuring the kernel
+@node Configuration of OpenBSD kernels
@subsection Configuration of OpenBSD kernels
For OpenBSD version 2.9 and higher,
@c ==================================================================
-@node Configuration of NetBSD kernels, Configuration of Solaris kernels, Configuration of OpenBSD kernels, Configuring the kernel
+@node Configuration of NetBSD kernels
@subsection Configuration of NetBSD kernels
For NetBSD version 1.5.2 and higher,
@c ==================================================================
-@node Configuration of Solaris kernels, Configuration of Darwin (MacOS/X) kernels, Configuration of NetBSD kernels, Configuring the kernel
+@node Configuration of Solaris kernels
@subsection Configuration of Solaris kernels
For Solaris 8 (SunOS 5.8) and higher,
-the tun driver is included in the default kernel configuration.
+the tun driver may or may not be included in the default kernel configuration.
+If it isn't, the source can be downloaded from @uref{http://vtun.sourceforge.net/tun/}.
+For x86 and sparc64 architectures, precompiled versions can be found at @uref{http://www.monkey.org/~dugsong/fragroute/}.
+If the @file{net/if_tun.h} header file is missing, install it from the source package.
@c ==================================================================
-@node Configuration of Darwin (MacOS/X) kernels, Configuration of Cygwin (Windows), Configuration of Solaris kernels, Configuring the kernel
+@node Configuration of Darwin (MacOS/X) kernels
@subsection Configuration of Darwin (MacOS/X) kernels
Darwin does not come with a tunnel driver. You must download it at
@c ==================================================================
-@node Configuration of Cygwin (Windows), Configuration of MinGW (Windows), Configuration of Darwin (MacOS/X) kernels, Configuring the kernel
-@subsection Configuration of Cygwin (Windows)
+@node Configuration of Windows
+@subsection Configuration of Windows
-You will need to install the CIPE driver, you can download it from
-@uref{http://cipe-win32.sourceforge.net}. Configure the CIPE network device in
-the same way as you would do from the tinc-up script.
+You will need to install the CIPE-Win32 driver or the TAP-Win32 driver, it
+doesn't matter which one. You can download the CIPE driver from
+@uref{http://cipe-win32.sourceforge.net}. Using the Network Connections
+control panel, configure the CIPE-Win32 or TAP-Win32 network interface in the same way as you would
+do from the tinc-up script as explained in the rest of the documentation.
@c ==================================================================
-@node Configuration of MinGW (Windows), , Configuration of Cygwin (Windows), Configuring the kernel
-@subsection Configuration of MinGW (Windows)
-
-You will need to install the CIPE driver, you can download it from
-@uref{http://cipe-win32.sourceforge.net}. Configure the CIPE network device in
-the same way as you would do from the tinc-up script.
-
-
-@c ==================================================================
-@node Libraries, , Configuring the kernel, Preparations
+@node Libraries
@section Libraries
@cindex requirements
@c ==================================================================
-@node OpenSSL, zlib, Libraries, Libraries
+@node OpenSSL
@subsection OpenSSL
@cindex OpenSSL
@subsubheading License
@cindex license
+The complete source code of tinc is covered by the GNU GPL version 2.
Since the license under which OpenSSL is distributed is not directly
compatible with the terms of the GNU GPL
-@uref{http://www.openssl.org/support/faq.html#LEGAL2}, therefore we
-include an addition to the GPL (see also the file COPYING.README):
+@uref{http://www.openssl.org/support/faq.html#LEGAL2}, we
+include an exemption to the GPL (see also the file COPYING.README) to allow
+everyone to create a statically or dynamically linked executable:
@quotation
This program is released under the GPL with the additional exemption
all other requirements of the GPL are met.
@end quotation
+Since the LZO library used by tinc is also covered by the GPL,
+we also present the following exemption:
+
+@quotation
+Hereby I grant a special exception to the tinc VPN project
+(http://tinc.nl.linux.org/) to link the LZO library with the OpenSSL library
+(http://www.openssl.org).
+
+Markus F.X.J. Oberhumer
+@end quotation
+
@c ==================================================================
-@node zlib, lzo, OpenSSL, Libraries
+@node zlib
@subsection zlib
@cindex zlib
@c ==================================================================
-@node lzo, , zlib, Libraries
+@node lzo
@subsection lzo
@cindex lzo
@c
@c ==================================================================
-@node Installation, Configuration, Preparations, Top
+@node Installation
@chapter Installation
If you use Debian, you may want to install one of the
the checksums of these files listed; you may wish to check these with
md5sum before continuing.
-tinc comes in a convenient autoconf/automake package, which you can just
+Tinc comes in a convenient autoconf/automake package, which you can just
treat the same as any other package. Which is just untar it, type
`./configure' and then `make'.
More detailed instructions are in the file @file{INSTALL}, which is
@c ==================================================================
-@node Building and installing tinc, System files, Installation, Installation
+@node Building and installing tinc
@section Building and installing tinc
Detailed instructions on configuring the source, building tinc and installing tinc
@c ==================================================================
-@node Darwin (MacOS/X) build environment, Cygwin (Windows) build environment, , Building and installing tinc
+@node Darwin (MacOS/X) build environment
@subsection Darwin (MacOS/X) build environment
In order to build tinc on Darwin, you need to install the MacOS/X Developer Tools
autoconf25, automake, dlcompat, m4, openssl, zlib and lzo.
@c ==================================================================
-@node Cygwin (Windows) build environment, MinGW (Windows) build environment, Darwin (MacOS/X) build environment, Building and installing tinc
+@node Cygwin (Windows) build environment
@subsection Cygwin (Windows) build environment
If Cygwin hasn't already been installed, install it directly from
It will also support all features.
@c ==================================================================
-@node MinGW (Windows) build environment, , Cygwin (Windows) build environment, Building and installing tinc
+@node MinGW (Windows) build environment
@subsection MinGW (Windows) build environment
You will need to install the MinGW environment from @uref{http://www.mingw.org}.
When tinc is compiled using MinGW it runs natively under Windows,
it is not necessary to keep MinGW installed.
-When running natively, tinc is not able to start scripts,
-nor is tinc able to receive signals.
When detaching, tinc will install itself as a service,
which will be restarted automatically after reboots.
@c ==================================================================
-@node System files, , Building and installing tinc, Installation
+@node System files
@section System files
Before you can run tinc, you must make sure you have all the needed
@c ==================================================================
-@node Device files, Other files, System files, System files
+@node Device files
@subsection Device files
@cindex device files
@c ==================================================================
-@node Other files, , Device files, System files
+@node Other files
@subsection Other files
@subsubheading @file{/etc/networks}
@c ==================================================================
-@node Configuration, Running tinc, Installation, Top
+@node Configuration
@chapter Configuration
@menu
@end menu
@c ==================================================================
-@node Configuration introduction, Multiple networks, Configuration, Configuration
+@node Configuration introduction
@section Configuration introduction
-@cindex Network Administrators Guide
Before actually starting to configure tinc and editing files,
make sure you have read this entire section so you know what to expect.
Then, make it clear to yourself how you want to organize your VPN:
These questions can only be answered by yourself,
you will not find the answers in this documentation.
Make sure you have an adequate understanding of networks in general.
+@cindex Network Administrators Guide
A good resource on networking is the
@uref{http://www.linuxdoc.org/LDP/nag2/, Linux Network Administrators Guide}.
@c ==================================================================
-@node Multiple networks, How connections work, Configuration introduction, Configuration
+@node Multiple networks
@section Multiple networks
@cindex multiple networks
@cindex netname
In order to allow you to run more than one tinc daemon on one computer,
for instance if your computer is part of more than one VPN,
-you can assign a ``netname'' to your VPN.
+you can assign a @var{netname} to your VPN.
It is not required if you only run one tinc daemon,
it doesn't even have to be the same on all the sites of your VPN,
but it is recommended that you choose one anyway.
which will assign a netname to this daemon.
The effect of this is that the daemon will set its configuration
-``root'' to @value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@emph{netname}/, where @emph{netname} is your argument to the -n
-option. You'll notice that it appears in syslog as ``tinc.@emph{netname}''.
+root to @file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/}, where @var{netname} is your argument to the -n
+option. You'll notice that it appears in syslog as @file{tinc.@var{netname}}.
However, it is not strictly necessary that you call tinc with the -n
option. In this case, the network name would just be empty, and it will
-be used as such. tinc now looks for files in @value{sysconfdir}/tinc/, instead of
-@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@emph{netname}/; the configuration file should be @value{sysconfdir}/tinc/tinc.conf,
-and the host configuration files are now expected to be in @value{sysconfdir}/tinc/hosts/.
+be used as such. tinc now looks for files in @file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/}, instead of
+@file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/}; the configuration file should be @file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/tinc.conf},
+and the host configuration files are now expected to be in @file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/hosts/}.
But it is highly recommended that you use this feature of tinc, because
it will be so much clearer whom your daemon talks to. Hence, we will
@c ==================================================================
-@node How connections work, Configuration files, Multiple networks, Configuration
+@node How connections work
@section How connections work
When tinc starts up, it parses the command-line options and then
@c ==================================================================
-@node Configuration files, Generating keypairs, How connections work, Configuration
+@node Configuration files
@section Configuration files
The actual configuration of the daemon is done in the file
-@file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@emph{netname}/tinc.conf} and at least one other file in the directory
-@file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@emph{netname}/hosts/}.
+@file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/tinc.conf} and at least one other file in the directory
+@file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/hosts/}.
These file consists of comments (lines started with a #) or assignments
in the form of
In this section all valid variables are listed in alphabetical order.
The default value is given between parentheses,
-other comments are between square brackets and
-required directives are given in @strong{bold}.
+other comments are between square brackets.
@menu
* Main configuration variables::
* Host configuration variables::
+* Scripts::
* How to configure::
@end menu
@c ==================================================================
-@node Main configuration variables, Host configuration variables, Configuration files, Configuration files
+@node Main configuration variables
@subsection Main configuration variables
@table @asis
@cindex AddressFamily
@item AddressFamily = <ipv4|ipv6|any> (any)
This option affects the address family of listening and outgoing sockets.
-If "any" is selected, then depending on the operating system
+If any is selected, then depending on the operating system
both IPv4 and IPv6 or just IPv6 listening sockets will be created.
@cindex BindToAddress
-@item BindToAddress = <address> [experimental]
+@item BindToAddress = <@var{address}> [experimental]
If your computer has more than one IPv4 or IPv6 address, tinc
will by default listen on all of them for incoming connections.
It is possible to bind only to a single address with this variable.
This option may not work on all platforms.
@cindex BindToInterface
-@item BindToInterface = <interface> [experimental]
+@item BindToInterface = <@var{interface}> [experimental]
If you have more than one network interface in your computer, tinc will
by default listen on all of them for incoming connections. It is
possible to bind tinc to a single interface like eth0 or ppp0 with this
This option may not work on all platforms.
@cindex ConnectTo
-@item @strong{ConnectTo = <name>}
+@item ConnectTo = <@var{name}>
Specifies which other tinc daemon to connect to on startup.
Multiple ConnectTo variables may be specified,
in which case outgoing connections to each specified tinc daemon are made.
and will instead just listen for incoming connections.
@cindex Device
-@item @strong{Device = <device>} (/dev/tap0 or /dev/net/tun)
-The virtual network device to use. Note that you can only use one device per
-daemon. See also @ref{Device files}.
+@item Device = <@var{device}> (@file{/dev/tap0}, @file{/dev/net/tun} or other depending on platform)
+The virtual network device to use.
+Tinc will automatically detect what kind of device it is.
+Note that you can only use one device per daemon.
+Under Windows, use @var{Interface} instead of @var{Device}.
+Note that you can only use one device per daemon.
+See also @ref{Device files}.
@cindex Hostnames
@item Hostnames = <yes|no> (no)
configuration file.
@cindex Interface
-@item Interface = <interface>
+@item Interface = <@var{interface}>
Defines the name of the interface corresponding to the virtual network device.
-Depending on the operating system and the type of device this may or may not actually set the name of the interface
-or choose the device corresponding to this interface.
+Depending on the operating system and the type of device this may or may not actually set the name of the interface.
+Under Windows, this variable is used to select which network interface will be used.
+If you specified a Device, this variable is almost always already correctly set.
@cindex Mode
@item Mode = <router|switch|hub> (router)
@end table
@cindex KeyExpire
-@item KeyExpire = <seconds> (3600)
+@item KeyExpire = <@var{seconds}> (3600)
This option controls the time the encryption keys used to encrypt the data
are valid. It is common practice to change keys at regular intervals to
make it even harder for crackers, even though it is thought to be nearly
impossible to crack a single key.
@cindex MACExpire
-@item MACExpire = <seconds> (600)
+@item MACExpire = <@var{seconds}> (600)
This option controls the amount of time MAC addresses are kept before they are removed.
This only has effect when Mode is set to "switch".
@cindex Name
-@item @strong{Name = <name>}
+@item Name = <@var{name}> [required]
This is a symbolic name for this connection. It can be anything
@cindex PingTimeout
-@item PingTimeout = <seconds> (60)
+@item PingTimeout = <@var{seconds}> (60)
The number of seconds of inactivity that tinc will wait before sending a
probe to the other end. If that other end doesn't answer within that
same amount of seconds, the connection is terminated, and the others
will be inherited by the UDP packets that are sent out.
@cindex PrivateKey
-@item PrivateKey = <key> [obsolete]
+@item PrivateKey = <@var{key}> [obsolete]
This is the RSA private key for tinc. However, for safety reasons it is
advised to store private keys of any kind in separate files. This prevents
accidental eavesdropping if you are editting the configuration file.
@cindex PrivateKeyFile
-@item @strong{PrivateKeyFile = <path>} [recommended]
+@item PrivateKeyFile = <@var{path}> (@file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/rsa_key.priv})
This is the full path name of the RSA private key file that was
-generated by ``tincd --generate-keys''. It must be a full path, not a
+generated by @samp{tincd --generate-keys}. It must be a full path, not a
relative directory.
Note that there must be exactly one of PrivateKey
@c ==================================================================
-@node Host configuration variables, How to configure, Main configuration variables, Configuration files
+@node Host configuration variables
@subsection Host configuration variables
@table @asis
@cindex Address
-@item @strong{Address = <IP address|hostname>} [recommended]
+@item Address = <@var{IP address}|@var{hostname}> [recommended]
This variable is only required if you want to connect to this host. It
must resolve to the external IP address where the host can be reached,
not the one that is internal to the VPN.
@cindex Cipher
-@item Cipher = <cipher> (blowfish)
+@item Cipher = <@var{cipher}> (blowfish)
The symmetric cipher algorithm used to encrypt UDP packets.
Any cipher supported by OpenSSL is recognized.
+Furthermore, specifying "none" will turn off packet encryption.
+It is best to use only those ciphers which support CBC mode.
@cindex Compression
-@item Compression = <level> (0)
+@item Compression = <@var{level}> (0)
This option sets the level of compression used for UDP packets.
Possible values are 0 (off), 1 (fast zlib) and any integer up to 9 (best zlib),
10 (fast lzo) and 11 (best lzo).
@cindex Digest
-@item Digest = <digest> (sha1)
+@item Digest = <@var{digest}> (sha1)
The digest algorithm used to authenticate UDP packets.
Any digest supported by OpenSSL is recognized.
Furthermore, specifying "none" will turn off packet authentication.
is best to leave this option out or set it to no.
@cindex MACLength
-@item MACLength = <length> (4)
+@item MACLength = <@var{bytes}> (4)
The length of the message authentication code used to authenticate UDP packets.
Can be anything from 0
up to the length of the digest produced by the digest algorithm.
@cindex Port
-@item Port = <port> (655)
+@item Port = <@var{port}> (655)
This is the port this tinc daemon listens on.
-You can use decimal portnumbers or symbolic names (as listed in /etc/services).
+You can use decimal portnumbers or symbolic names (as listed in @file{/etc/services}).
@cindex PublicKey
-@item PublicKey = <key> [obsolete]
+@item PublicKey = <@var{key}> [obsolete]
This is the RSA public key for this host.
@cindex PublicKeyFile
-@item PublicKeyFile = <path> [obsolete]
+@item PublicKeyFile = <@var{path}> [obsolete]
This is the full path name of the RSA public key file that was generated
-by ``tincd --generate-keys''. It must be a full path, not a relative
+by @samp{tincd --generate-keys}. It must be a full path, not a relative
directory.
@cindex PEM format
connection with that host.
@cindex Subnet
-@item Subnet = <address[/prefixlength]>
+@item Subnet = <@var{address}[/@var{prefixlength}]>
The subnet which this tinc daemon will serve.
-tinc tries to look up which other daemon it should send a packet to by searching the appropiate subnet.
+Tinc tries to look up which other daemon it should send a packet to by searching the appropiate subnet.
If the packet matches a subnet,
it will be sent to the daemon who has this subnet in his host configuration file.
Multiple subnet lines can be specified for each daemon.
@c ==================================================================
-@node How to configure, , Host configuration variables, Configuration files
+@node Scripts
+@subsection Scripts
+
+@cindex scripts
+Apart from reading the server and host configuration files,
+tinc can also run scripts at certain moments.
+Under Windows (not Cygwin), the scripts should have the extension .bat.
+
+@table @file
+@cindex tinc-up
+@item @value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/tinc-up
+This is the most important script.
+If it is present it will be executed right after the tinc daemon has been
+started and has connected to the virtual network device.
+It should be used to set up the corresponding network interface,
+but can also be used to start other things.
+Under Windows you can use the Network Connections control panel instead of creating this script.
+
+@cindex tinc-down
+@item @value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/tinc-down
+This script is started right before the tinc daemon quits.
+
+@item @value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/hosts/@var{host}-up
+This script is started when the tinc daemon with name @var{host} becomes reachable.
+
+@item @value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/hosts/@var{host}-down
+This script is started when the tinc daemon with name @var{host} becomes unreachable.
+@end table
+
+@cindex environment variables
+The scripts are started without command line arguments,
+but can make use of certain environment variables.
+Under UNIX like operating systems the names of environment variables must be preceded by a $ in scripts.
+Under Windows, in @file{.bat} files, they have to be put between % signs.
+
+@table @env
+@cindex NETNAME
+@item NETNAME
+If a netname was specified, this environment variable contains it.
+
+@cindex NAME
+@item NAME
+Contains the name of this tinc daemon.
+
+@cindex DEVICE
+@item DEVICE
+Contains the name of the virtual network device that tinc uses.
+
+@cindex INTERFACE
+@item INTERFACE
+Contains the name of the virtual network interface that tinc uses.
+This should be used for commands like ifconfig.
+
+@cindex NODE
+@item NODE
+When a host becomes (un)reachable, this is set to its name.
+
+@cindex REMOTEADDRESS
+@item REMOTEADDRESS
+When a host becomes (un)reachable, this is set to its real address.
+
+@cindex REMOTEPORT
+@item REMOTEPORT
+When a host becomes (un)reachable,
+this is set to the port number it uses for communication with other tinc daemons.
+@end table
+
+
+@c ==================================================================
+@node How to configure
@subsection How to configure
@subsubheading Step 1. Creating the main configuration file
-The main configuration file will be called @file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@emph{netname}/tinc.conf}.
+The main configuration file will be called @file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/tinc.conf}.
Adapt the following example to create a basic configuration file:
@example
-Name = @emph{yourname}
-Device = @emph{/dev/tap0}
-PrivateKeyFile = @value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@emph{netname}/rsa_key.priv
+Name = @var{yourname}
+Device = @file{/dev/tap0}
@end example
Then, if you know to which other tinc daemon(s) yours is going to connect,
@subsubheading Step 2. Creating your host configuration file
If you added a line containing `Name = yourname' in the main configuarion file,
-you will need to create a host configuration file @file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@emph{netname}/hosts/yourname}.
+you will need to create a host configuration file @file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/hosts/yourname}.
Adapt the following example to create a host configuration file:
@example
-Address = @emph{your.real.hostname.org}
-Subnet = @emph{192.168.1.0/24}
+Address = your.real.hostname.org
+Subnet = 192.168.1.0/24
@end example
You can also use an IP address instead of a hostname.
@c ==================================================================
-@node Generating keypairs, Network interfaces, Configuration files, Configuration
+@node Generating keypairs
@section Generating keypairs
@cindex key generation
you can easily create a public/private keypair by entering the following command:
@example
-tincd -n @emph{netname} -K
+tincd -n @var{netname} -K
@end example
-tinc will generate a public and a private key and ask you where to put them.
+Tinc will generate a public and a private key and ask you where to put them.
Just press enter to accept the defaults.
@c ==================================================================
-@node Network interfaces, Example configuration, Generating keypairs, Configuration
+@node Network interfaces
@section Network interfaces
Before tinc can start transmitting data over the tunnel, it must
First, decide which IP addresses you want to have associated with these
devices, and what network mask they must have.
-tinc will open a virtual network device (@file{/dev/tun}, @file{/dev/tap0} or similar),
-which will also create a network interface called something like `tun0', `tap0', or,
-if you are using the Linux tun/tap driver, the network interface will by default have the same name as the netname.
+Tinc will open a virtual network device (@file{/dev/tun}, @file{/dev/tap0} or similar),
+which will also create a network interface called something like @samp{tun0}, @samp{tap0}.
+If you are using the Linux tun/tap driver, the network interface will by default have the same name as the @var{netname}.
+Under Windows you can change the name of the network interface from the Network Connections control panel.
@cindex tinc-up
You can configure the network interface by putting ordinary ifconfig, route, and other commands
-to a script named @file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@emph{netname}/tinc-up}. When tinc starts, this script
-will be executed. When tinc exits, it will execute the script named
-@file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@emph{netname}/tinc-down}, but normally you don't need to create that script.
+to a script named @file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/tinc-up}.
+When tinc starts, this script will be executed. When tinc exits, it will execute the script named
+@file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/tinc-down}, but normally you don't need to create that script.
An example @file{tinc-up} script:
The netmask is the mask of the @emph{entire} VPN network, not just your
own subnet.
+The exact syntax of the ifconfig and route commands differs from platform to platform.
+You can look up the commands for setting addresses and adding routes in @ref{Platform specific information},
+but it is best to consult the manpages of those utilities on your platform.
+
@c ==================================================================
-@node Example configuration, , Network interfaces, Configuration
+@node Example configuration
@section Example configuration
D: net 10.4.0.0 mask 255.255.0.0 gateway 10.4.3.32 internet IP 4.5.6.7
@end example
-``gateway'' is the VPN IP address of the machine that is running the
-tincd. ``internet IP'' is the IP address of the firewall, which does not
-need to run tincd, but it must do a port forwarding of TCP&UDP on port
+Here, ``gateway'' is the VPN IP address of the machine that is running the
+tincd, and ``internet IP'' is the IP address of the firewall, which does not
+need to run tincd, but it must do a port forwarding of TCP and UDP on port
655 (unless otherwise configured).
In this example, it is assumed that eth0 is the interface that points to
@example
# Real interface of internal network:
-# ifconfig eth0 10.1.54.1 netmask 255.255.0.0 broadcast 10.1.255.255
+# ifconfig eth0 10.1.54.1 netmask 255.255.0.0
ifconfig $INTERFACE 10.1.54.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
@end example
Device = /dev/tap0
@end example
-On all hosts, @value{sysconfdir}/tinc/company/hosts/BranchA contains:
+On all hosts, @file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/company/hosts/BranchA} contains:
@example
Subnet = 10.1.0.0/16
@example
# Real interface of internal network:
-# ifconfig eth0 10.2.43.8 netmask 255.255.0.0 broadcast 10.2.255.255
+# ifconfig eth0 10.2.43.8 netmask 255.255.0.0
ifconfig $INTERFACE 10.2.1.12 netmask 255.0.0.0
@end example
@example
# Real interface of internal network:
-# ifconfig eth0 10.3.69.254 netmask 255.255.0.0 broadcast 10.3.255.255
+# ifconfig eth0 10.3.69.254 netmask 255.255.0.0
ifconfig $INTERFACE 10.3.69.254 netmask 255.0.0.0
@end example
@example
# Real interface of internal network:
-# ifconfig eth0 10.4.3.32 netmask 255.255.0.0 broadcast 10.4.255.255
+# ifconfig eth0 10.4.3.32 netmask 255.255.0.0
ifconfig $INTERFACE 10.4.3.32 netmask 255.0.0.0
@end example
@c ==================================================================
-@node Running tinc, Technical information, Configuration, Top
+@node Running tinc
@chapter Running tinc
If everything else is done, you can start tinc by typing the following command:
@example
-tincd -n @emph{netname}
+tincd -n @var{netname}
@end example
@cindex daemon
-tinc will detach from the terminal and continue to run in the background like a good daemon.
+Tinc will detach from the terminal and continue to run in the background like a good daemon.
If there are any problems however you can try to increase the debug level
and look in the syslog to find out what the problems are.
@menu
* Runtime options::
+* Solving problems::
* Error messages::
+* Sending bug reports::
@end menu
@c ==================================================================
-@node Runtime options, Error messages, , Running tinc
+@node Runtime options
@section Runtime options
Besides the settings in the configuration file, tinc also accepts some
@cindex runtime options
@cindex options
@c from the manpage
-@table @samp
-@item -c, --config=PATH
-Read configuration options from the directory PATH. The default is
-@file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@emph{netname}/}.
+@table @option
+@item -c, --config=@var{path}
+Read configuration options from the directory @var{path}. The default is
+@file{@value{sysconfdir}/tinc/@var{netname}/}.
@item -D, --no-detach
Don't fork and detach.
This will also disable the automatic restart mechanism for fatal errors.
@cindex debug level
-@item -d, --debug=LEVEL
-Set debug level to LEVEL. The higher the debug level, the more gets
+@item -d, --debug=@var{level}
+Set debug level to @var{level}. The higher the debug level, the more gets
logged. Everything goes via syslog.
-@item -k, --kill[=SIGNAL]
-Attempt to kill a running tincd (optionally with the specified SIGNAL instead of SIGTERM) and exit.
+@item -k, --kill[=@var{signal}]
+Attempt to kill a running tincd (optionally with the specified @var{signal} instead of SIGTERM) and exit.
Use it in conjunction with the -n option to make sure you kill the right tinc daemon.
Under native Windows the optional argument is ignored,
the service will always be stopped and removed.
-@item -n, --net=NETNAME
-Connect to net NETNAME. @xref{Multiple networks}.
+@item -n, --net=@var{netname}
+Use configuration for net @var{netname}. @xref{Multiple networks}.
-@item -K, --generate-keys[=BITS]
-Generate public/private keypair of BITS length. If BITS is not specified,
+@item -K, --generate-keys[=@var{bits}]
+Generate public/private keypair of @var{bits} length. If @var{bits} is not specified,
1024 is the default. tinc will ask where you want to store the files,
but will default to the configuration directory (you can use the -c or -n option
in combination with -K). After that, tinc will quit.
Lock tinc into main memory.
This will prevent sensitive data like shared private keys to be written to the system swap files/partitions.
-@item --logfile[=FILE]
+@item --logfile[=@var{file}]
Write log entries to a file instead of to the system logging facility.
-If FILE is omitted, the default is @value{localstatedir}/log/tinc.NETNAME.log.
+If @var{file} is omitted, the default is @file{@value{localstatedir}/log/tinc.@var{netname}.log}.
-@item --pidfile=FILE
-Write PID to FILE instead of @value{localstatedir}/run/tinc.NETNAME.pid.
+@item --pidfile=@var{file}
+Write PID to @var{file} instead of @file{@value{localstatedir}/run/tinc.@var{netname}.pid}.
@item --bypass-security
Disables encryption and authentication.
@end table
+@c ==================================================================
+@node Solving problems
+@section Solving problems
+
+If tinc starts without problems, but if the VPN doesn't work, you will have to find the cause of the problem.
+The first thing to do is to start tinc with a high debug level in the foreground,
+so you can directly see everything tinc logs:
+
+@example
+tincd -n @var{netname} -d5 -D
+@end example
+
+If tinc does not log any error messages, then you might want to check the following things:
+
+@itemize
+@item @file{tinc-up} script
+Does this script contain the right commands?
+Normally you must give the interface the address of this host on the VPN, and the netmask must be big enough so that the entire VPN is covered.
+
+@item Subnet
+Does the Subnet (or Subnets) in the host configuration file of this host match the portion of the VPN that belongs to this host?
+
+@item Firewalls and NATs
+Do you have a firewall or a NAT device (a masquerading firewall or perhaps an ADSL router that performs masquerading)?
+If so, check that it allows TCP and UDP traffic on port 655.
+If it masquerades and the host running tinc is behind it, make sure that it forwards TCP and UDP traffic to port 655 to the host running tinc.
+You can add @samp{TCPOnly = yes} to your host config file to force tinc to only use a single TCP connection,
+this works through most firewalls and NATs.
+
+@end itemize
+
@c ==================================================================
-@node Error messages, , Runtime options, Running tinc
+@node Error messages
@section Error messages
-What follows is a list of the most common error messages you can see
-when configuring tinc. Most of these messages are visible in the syslog
-only, so keep an eye on it!
+What follows is a list of the most common error messages you might find in the logs.
+Some of them will only be visible if the debug level is high enough.
-@table @strong
+@table @samp
@item Could not open /dev/tap0: No such device
@itemize
@itemize
@item You forgot to `modprobe tun'.
@item You forgot to compile `Universal TUN/TAP driver' in the kernel.
+@item The tun device is located somewhere else in @file{/dev/}.
+@end itemize
+
+@item Network address and prefix length do not match!
+
+@itemize
+@item The Subnet field must contain a @emph{network} address, trailing bits should be 0.
+@item If you only want to use one IP address, set the netmask to /32.
+@end itemize
+
+@item Error reading RSA key file `rsa_key.priv': No such file or directory
+
+@itemize
+@item You forgot to create a public/private keypair.
+@item Specify the complete pathname to the private key file with the @samp{PrivateKeyFile} option.
+@end itemize
+
+@item Warning: insecure file permissions for RSA private key file `rsa_key.priv'!
+
+@itemize
+@item The private key file is readable by users other than root.
+Use chmod to correct the file permissions.
+@end itemize
+
+@item Creating metasocket failed: Address family not supported
+
+@itemize
+@item By default tinc tries to create both IPv4 and IPv6 sockets.
+On some platforms this might not be implemented.
+If the logs show @samp{Ready} later on, then at least one metasocket was created,
+and you can ignore this message.
+You can add @samp{AddressFamily = ipv4} to @file{tinc.conf} to prevent this from happening.
+@end itemize
+
+@item Cannot route packet: unknown IPv4 destination 1.2.3.4
+
+@itemize
+@item You try to send traffic to a host on the VPN for which no Subnet is known.
+@item If it is a broadcast address (ending in .255), it probably is a samba server or a Windows host sending broadcast packets.
+You can ignore it.
+@end itemize
+
+@item Cannot route packet: ARP request for unknown address 1.2.3.4
+
+@itemize
+@item You try to send traffic to a host on the VPN for which no Subnet is known.
@end itemize
@item Packet with destination 1.2.3.4 is looping back to us!
cases be larger. Rethink your configuration.
Note that you will only see this message if you specified a debug
level of 5 or higher!
-@item Chances are that a `Subnet = ...' line in the host configuration file of this tinc daemon is wrong.
+@item Chances are that a @samp{Subnet = ...} line in the host configuration file of this tinc daemon is wrong.
Change it to a subnet that is accepted locally by another interface,
or if that is not the case, try changing the prefix length into /32.
@end itemize
-@item Network doesn't work, syslog shows only packets of length 46
-
-@item Network address and prefix length do not match!
+@item Node foo (1.2.3.4) is not reachable
@itemize
-@item The Subnet field must contain a @emph{network} address.
-@item If you only want to use one IP address, set the netmask to /32.
+@item Node foo does not have a connection anymore, its tinc daemon is not running or its connection to the Internet is broken.
@end itemize
-@item This is a bug: net.c:253: 24: Some error
+@item Received UDP packet from unknown source 1.2.3.4 (port 12345)
@itemize
-@item This is something that should not have happened.
-Please report this, and tell us exactly what went wrong before you got
-this message. In normal operation, these errors should not occur.
+@item If you see this only sporadically, it is harmless and caused by a node sending packets using an old key.
+@item If you see this often and another node is not reachable anymore, then a NAT (masquerading firewall) is changing the source address of UDP packets.
+You can add @samp{TCPOnly = yes} to host configuration files to force all VPN traffic to go over a TCP connection.
@end itemize
-@item Error reading RSA key file `rsa_key.priv': No such file or directory
+@item Got bad/bogus/unauthorized REQUEST from foo (1.2.3.4 port 12345)
@itemize
-@item You must specify the complete pathname.
-Specifying a relative path does not make sense here. tinc changes its
-directory to / when starting (to avoid keeping a mount point busy).
+@item Node foo does not have the right public/private keypair.
+Generate new keypairs and distribute them again.
+@item An attacker tries to gain access to your VPN.
+@item A network error caused corruption of metadata sent from foo.
@end itemize
@end table
@c ==================================================================
-@node Technical information, About us, Running tinc, Top
+@node Sending bug reports
+@section Sending bug reports
+
+If you really can't find the cause of a problem, or if you suspect tinc is not working right,
+you can send us a bugreport, see @ref{Contact information}.
+Be sure to include the following information in your bugreport:
+
+@itemize
+@item A clear description of what you are trying to achieve and what the problem is.
+@item What platform (operating system, version, hardware architecture) and which version of tinc you use.
+@item If compiling tinc fails, a copy of @file{config.log} and the error messages you get.
+@item Otherwise, a copy of @file{tinc.conf}, @file{tinc-up} and all files in the @file{hosts/} directory.
+@item The output of the commands @samp{ifconfig -a} and @samp{route -n} (or @samp{netstat -rn} if that doesn't work).
+@item The output of any command that fails to work as it should (like ping or traceroute).
+@end itemize
+
+@c ==================================================================
+@node Technical information
@chapter Technical information
@c ==================================================================
-@node The connection, The meta-protocol, Technical information, Technical information
+@node The connection
@section The connection
@cindex connection
-tinc is a daemon that takes VPN data and transmit that to another host
+Tinc is a daemon that takes VPN data and transmit that to another host
computer over the existing Internet infrastructure.
@menu
@c ==================================================================
-@node The UDP tunnel, The meta-connection, The connection, The connection
+@node The UDP tunnel
@subsection The UDP tunnel
@cindex virtual network device
the destination MAC address must match that of the virtual network interface.
If tinc is in it's default routing mode, ARP does not work, so the correct destination MAC
can not be known by the sending host.
-tinc solves this by letting the receiving end detect the MAC address of its own virtual network interface
+Tinc solves this by letting the receiving end detect the MAC address of its own virtual network interface
and overwriting the destination MAC address of the received packet.
In switch or hub modes ARP does work so the sender already knows the correct destination MAC address.
@c ==================================================================
-@node The meta-connection, , The UDP tunnel, The connection
+@node The meta-connection
@subsection The meta-connection
Having only a UDP connection available is not enough. Though suitable
@c ==================================================================
-@node The meta-protocol, Security, The connection, Technical information
+@node The meta-protocol
@section The meta-protocol
The meta protocol is used to tie all tinc daemons together, and
with each PING and PONG message, to make sure that long sequences of PING/PONG
messages without any other traffic won't result in known plaintext.
-This basically covers what is sent over the meta connection by
-tinc.
+This basically covers what is sent over the meta connection by tinc.
@c ==================================================================
-@node Security, , The meta-protocol, Technical information
-@section About tinc's encryption and other security-related issues.
+@node Security
+@section Security
@cindex TINC
@cindex Cabal
-tinc got its name from ``TINC,'' short for @emph{There Is No Cabal}; the
+Tinc got its name from ``TINC,'' short for @emph{There Is No Cabal}; the
alleged Cabal was/is an organisation that was said to keep an eye on the
entire Internet. As this is exactly what you @emph{don't} want, we named
the tinc project after TINC.
But in order to be ``immune'' to eavesdropping, you'll have to encrypt
your data. Because tinc is a @emph{Secure} VPN (SVPN) daemon, it does
exactly that: encrypt.
-tinc by default uses blowfish encryption with 128 bit keys in CBC mode, 32 bit
+Tinc by default uses blowfish encryption with 128 bit keys in CBC mode, 32 bit
sequence numbers and 4 byte long message authentication codes to make sure
eavesdroppers cannot get and cannot change any information at all from the
packets they can intercept. The encryption algorithm and message authentication
@menu
* Authentication protocol::
* Encryption of network packets::
+* Security issues::
@end menu
@c ==================================================================
-@node Authentication protocol, Encryption of network packets, Security, Security
+@node Authentication protocol
@subsection Authentication protocol
@cindex authentication
@c ==================================================================
-@node Encryption of network packets, , Authentication protocol, Security
-@subsection Encryption of network packet
+@node Encryption of network packets
+@subsection Encryption of network packets
@cindex encryption
A data packet can only be sent if the encryption key is known to both
the MACLength configuration variable.
@c ==================================================================
-@node About us, Concept Index, Technical information, Top
+@node Security issues
+@subsection Security issues
+
+In August 2000, we discovered the existence of a security hole in all versions
+of tinc up to and including 1.0pre2. This had to do with the way we exchanged
+keys. Since then, we have been working on a new authentication scheme to make
+tinc as secure as possible. The current version uses the OpenSSL library and
+uses strong authentication with RSA keys.
+
+On the 29th of December 2001, Jerome Etienne posted a security analysis of tinc
+1.0pre4. Due to a lack of sequence numbers and a message authentication code
+for each packet, an attacker could possibly disrupt certain network services or
+launch a denial of service attack by replaying intercepted packets. The current
+version adds sequence numbers and message authentication codes to prevent such
+attacks.
+
+On the 15th of September 2003, Peter Gutmann posted a security analysis of tinc
+1.0.1. He argues that the 32 bit sequence number used by tinc is not a good IV,
+that tinc's default length of 4 bytes for the MAC is too short, and he doesn't
+like tinc's use of RSA during authentication. We do not know of a security hole
+in this version of tinc, but tinc's security is not as strong as TLS or IPsec.
+We will address these issues in tinc 2.0.
+
+Cryptography is a hard thing to get right. We cannot make any
+guarantees. Time, review and feedback are the only things that can
+prove the security of any cryptographic product. If you wish to review
+tinc or give us feedback, you are stronly encouraged to do so.
+
+
+@c ==================================================================
+@node Platform specific information
+@chapter Platform specific information
+
+@menu
+* Interface configuration::
+* Routes::
+@end menu
+
+@c ==================================================================
+@node Interface configuration
+@section Interface configuration
+
+When configuring an interface, one normally assigns it an address and a
+netmask. The address uniquely identifies the host on the network attached to
+the interface. The netmask, combined with the address, forms a subnet. It is
+used to add a route to the routing table instructing the kernel to send all
+packets which fall into that subnet to that interface. Because all packets for
+the entire VPN should go to the virtual network interface used by tinc, the
+netmask should be such that it encompasses the entire VPN.
+
+For IPv4 addresses:
+
+@multitable {Darwin (MacOS/X)} {ifconfig route add -bla network address netmask netmask prefixlength interface}
+@item Linux
+@tab @code{ifconfig} @var{interface} @var{address} @code{netmask} @var{netmask}
+@item Linux iproute2
+@tab @code{ip addr add} @var{address}@code{/}@var{prefixlength} @code{dev} @var{interface}
+@item FreeBSD
+@tab @code{ifconfig} @var{interface} @var{address} @code{netmask} @var{netmask}
+@item OpenBSD
+@tab @code{ifconfig} @var{interface} @var{address} @code{netmask} @var{netmask}
+@item NetBSD
+@tab @code{ifconfig} @var{interface} @var{address} @code{netmask} @var{netmask}
+@item Solaris
+@tab @code{ifconfig} @var{interface} @var{address} @code{netmask} @var{netmask}
+@item Darwin (MacOS/X)
+@tab @code{ifconfig} @var{interface} @var{address} @code{netmask} @var{netmask}
+@item Windows
+@tab @code{netsh interface ip set address} @var{interface} @code{static} @var{address} @var{netmask}
+@end multitable
+
+
+For IPv6 addresses:
+
+@multitable {Darwin (MacOS/X)} {ifconfig route add -bla network address netmask netmask prefixlength interface}
+@item Linux
+@tab @code{ifconfig} @var{interface} @code{add} @var{address}@code{/}@var{prefixlength}
+@item FreeBSD
+@tab @code{ifconfig} @var{interface} @code{inet6} @var{address} @code{prefixlen} @var{prefixlength}
+@item OpenBSD
+@tab @code{ifconfig} @var{interface} @code{inet6} @var{address} @code{prefixlen} @var{prefixlength}
+@item NetBSD
+@tab @code{ifconfig} @var{interface} @code{inet6} @var{address} @code{prefixlen} @var{prefixlength}
+@item Solaris
+@tab @code{ifconfig} @var{interface} @code{inet6 addif} @var{address}@code{/}@var{prefixlength}
+@item Darwin (MacOS/X)
+@tab @code{ifconfig} @var{interface} @code{inet6} @var{address} @code{prefixlen} @var{prefixlength}
+@item Windows
+@tab @code{netsh interface ipv6 add address} @var{interface} @code{static} @var{address}/@var{prefixlength}
+@end multitable
+
+
+@c ==================================================================
+@node Routes
+@section Routes
+
+In some cases it might be necessary to add more routes to the virtual network
+interface. There are two ways to indicate which interface a packet should go
+to, one is to use the name of the interface itself, another way is to specify
+the (local) address that is assigned to that interface (@var{local_address}). The
+former way is unambiguous and therefore preferable, but not all platforms
+support this.
+
+Adding routes to IPv4 subnets:
+
+@multitable {Darwin (MacOS/X)} {ifconfig route add -bla network address netmask netmask prefixlength interface}
+@item Linux
+@tab @code{route add -net} @var{network_address} @code{netmask} @var{netmask} @var{interface}
+@item Linux iproute2
+@tab @code{ip route add} @var{network_address}@code{/}@var{prefixlength} @code{dev} @var{interface}
+@item FreeBSD
+@tab @code{route add} @var{network_address}@code{/}@var{prefixlength} @var{local_address}
+@item OpenBSD
+@tab @code{route add} @var{network_address}@code{/}@var{prefixlength} @var{local_address}
+@item NetBSD
+@tab @code{route add} @var{network_address}@code{/}@var{prefixlength} @var{local_address}
+@item Solaris
+@item Darwin (MacOS/X)
+@tab @code{route add} @var{network_address}@code{/}@var{prefixlength} @var{local_address}
+@item Windows
+@end multitable
+
+Adding routes to IPv6 subnets:
+
+@multitable {Darwin (MacOS/X)} {ifconfig route add -bla network address netmask netmask prefixlength interface}
+@item Linux
+@tab @code{route add -A inet6} @var{network_address}@code{/}@var{prefixlength} @var{interface}
+@item Linux iproute2
+@tab @code{ip route add} @var{network_address}@code{/}@var{prefixlength} @code{dev} @var{interface}
+@item OpenBSD
+@item NetBSD
+@item Solaris
+@item Darwin (MacOS/X)
+@item Windows
+@tab @code{netsh interface ipv6 add route} @var{network address}/@var{prefixlength} @var{interface}
+@end multitable
+
+
+@c ==================================================================
+@node About us
@chapter About us
@menu
-* Contact Information::
+* Contact information::
* Authors::
@end menu
@c ==================================================================
-@node Contact Information, Authors, About us, About us
+@node Contact information
@section Contact information
@cindex website
-tinc's website is at @url{http://tinc.nl.linux.org/},
+Tinc's website is at @url{http://tinc.nl.linux.org/},
this server is located in the Netherlands.
@cindex IRC
@c ==================================================================
-@node Authors, , Contact Information, About us
+@node Authors
@section Authors
@table @asis
@c ==================================================================
-@node Concept Index, , About us, Top
-@c node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Concept Index
@unnumbered Concept Index
@c ==================================================================
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