Don't send MTU probes smaller than 512 bytes.

If MTU discovery comes up with an MTU smaller than 512 bytes (e.g. due
to massive packet loss), it's pretty much guaranteed to be wrong. Even
if it's not, most Internet applications assume the MTU will be at least
512, so fixing the MTU to a small value is likely to cause trouble
anyway.

This also makes the discovery algorithm converge even faster, since the
interval it has to consider is smaller.